Honesty: A Multidimensional Study as Motivation for National Character Building

Honesty has discussed in various disciplines. Honesty studies have carried out to examine the relationship of honesty with many factors that influence specific fields of science. This study aims to present multidimensional research to convey the goodness of honesty as a tangible manifestation of the normative message that honesty guide to goodness, and it will lead to happiness. This study uses a text analysis method in the form of a literature review by searching for several resources. Wilson's procedure analyses the sources that found. The results of this study show that honesty as a whole has a good impact on the physical health and mental health of individuals. Honesty related to many psychological attributes. Therefore, it recommended embedding motivations in educational honesty that concluded from various scientific disciplines


Introduction
Honesty is the suitability of words and behavior, conformity of words to factual events, or conformity of actions with applicable regulations. These conformities become truth, truth in words and deeds, and are correct in carrying out rules. The opposite of honesty is a lie that means hiding the truth or not saying and doing the right thing. Honesty is an Fitriah, Abd. Madjid Honesty… order in Islam, which stated in the Qur'an and hadith. Honesty also found in the teachings of other religions in Indonesia. In social life, honesty is also the key to one's success in building relationships and expanding networks of social interaction. The academic world, business, politics, law, and all sides of life need honesty. Nevertheless, in the reality of current life, honesty is an expensive item.
The phenomenon of dishonesty is still become a severe problem and gets worse. The fact shows that fraud is now prevalent in life, and dishonesty in the economic, education, justice and politics, social affairs, and mass media (Suyanto et al., 2018). The deception that visible today has a significant impact on a nation is still corruption, especially in Indonesia.
The Corruption Perception Index (CPI) shows Indonesia's corruption rate in 2016 is still in 90 from 176 countries surveyed (Rose-Ackerman, Susan, 2016). This phenomenon is very worrying, even though the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) has formed, the corruption culture is still unsolvable.
Fraud in school exams, especially in high school, has become a common thing. To get a high score in the National Examination and to continue their education in a Higher Education, they dare to be dishonest. Research conducted by Zubin Austin, et al. also proves that dishonesty in school is severe and endemic (Rose-Ackerman, Susan, 2016). However, there are countries that almost free from dishonesty behavior, Denmark. The population lives well, and the country is free from corruption (Hidayat, 2017). It means the honesty of citizens of a country can make the country develop, and the people become more prosperous and happy.
These issues carry out questions about why cheating and lying still happened in institutions. The practice of corruption is also common in people with higher education, while the implementation of education from kindergarten to high school in religious, social, citizenship, and even in Bahasa Indonesia subject also taught about honesty. There is a question about is there something wrong with the education system to build the national character through education in schools. The government has designed character education to carry out educational institutions with various materials and methods. However, many phenomenon violate the character of this nation.
The problems above show that embed the value of honesty is not an easy thing to realize. Therefore, this concept research presents various dimensions of honesty. The author presents and analyses the sources of studies in the aspects of religion, social, culture, psychology, and health. Descriptive analysis of dogma in various religious aims to be a when actions do not contradict a person's condition, and the actions do not disclaim by words (Hanafiy, 2009). Quraish Shihab, when interpreted the words aṣ-ṣiddἶqun in surah al-hadἶd, mentioned that the aṣ-ṣiddἶqun means people who have attitudes are not contradicted between the truth and not tainted by sleaze (Shihab, 1996). Those are the meaning of honesty that from several experts who gave almost the same definition of honesty.
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) states that honesty means not lying, not cheating, sincere, and expressing the character of someone who has an honest and straight heart (Indonesia, 2002). In the Indonesian-Arabic dictionary is found several different words for honest. Adib Bisri mentioned honest in Arabic , 1999). Mahmud Yunus mentions honest in Arabic known as ‫ق‬ ْ ‫د‬ ِّ ِ ‫الص‬ َ (aṣ-ṣidq) which comes from the word ṣadaqa-yaṣduquṣadqan-ṣidqan (Yunus, 1990). In this case, the researcher mentions that honest in Arabic has a more appropriate word ṣidq. This is because ṣidq means honestly which can be found from  (Naisaburi, 2007). Honesty is the highest level of the actualization of faith in Allah and the Prophet (Qutb, 2004).

Dimensions and Indicators of Honesty
According to the definition and the meaning of honesty, there are dimensions and indicators of honesty. Expressing something correctly or telling a story about something following the reality that happened is a verbal dimension of honesty. Honest people are those who tell the truth. The truth is in accordance with the rules applied or to the promises that he made (Elmahdi, 2018). The next dimension is the action dimension of Honesty. Honesty is not only in the appearance but also in the intention of the heart and how to express it in an activity, from where it can come from the dimension of the situation (Mujib, 2017). Therefore, Abdul Mujib described the honesty indicators in three dimensions. independently, work on their own, present the data correctly, ask for permission to the owner before use their product, do not use the office facilities except for office work, refuse provision in the office, not do corruption, return something found belonging to someone, and only receive or take the right (Lestari, 2013).
Nuruddin Prihartono also performed research that the result is similar to previous research about indicators of honesty. Research on character education becomes the target of honesty value. It is produced indicators of trustworthiness as follows: create and do the tasks properly, do not cheat or give a cheat, build honesty canteen, report school activities transparently, conduct system of recruitment of students correctly and fairly, conduct assessment system accountable and do not manipulate (Prihartono, 2013). These are an indicator of the school system.

Honesty in Al-Qur'ān dan Ḥadīṡ Honesty verses
According to Mu'jam Mufahras li Alfazh Qur'an, less than 130 times in the al-Qur'an (Fuad, 1992). This means that honesty needs habituation, repetition, practice constantly to improve the hadist and character of a person. Therefore, when this occurs to a person, that one will call ṣiddἶq, as one of the attributes of the Prophet, ṣiddἶq. So that is found in the interpretation of fi Ẓilāl Qur'ān ass-ṣiddἶqun, is the highest place to express the faith to Allah and Prophet that Allah has given anyone who is permitted to achieve (Qutb, 2004).
Honestly has some distinctive patterns in Al-Qur'an. The first is the meaning of honesty, and its indicators spelled in surah al-Baqarah verse 177 (QS al-Mu'min [2]; 177).
This verse explains that to be honest, is to believe in Allah, the last day, the angels, the Books, and the prophets. This verse also tells us that we should give things for someone else who more needs it than us. Moreover, to relatives, orphans, poor people, beggars, for (the emancipation of) the captives, pay the zakat, and the people who make their promise, and 15-17). Allah rewards those who are honest, with heaven, to dwell forever there, and Allah is pleased with them. Allah added in Surah al-Ahzab verse 24 and verse 35 that those who honest would get a great reward, and accept the repentance and forgiveness of their sins.
Also mentioned Surah Ali Imran verse 13-17, Allah repeats that they will be in heaven, which rivers flow inside and holy wives for them.

Honesty…
Quraish Shihab explained that the meaning of aṣ-ṣaddiqin is people with any understanding is always right and honest. They never tainted by sin and behaved against the rule (Shihab, 1996). Third, honest people can be a reference for other people to ask questions as contained in verse 8 surah al-Ahzab. Fourth, the honesty faith people determine by keeping his promise to Allah. This explanation is available in surah al-Ahzab verse 23. Fifth, honesty related to loyalty. Allah mentions honesty has a relationship closely with piety, quoted in the Qur'an verse at-Taubah verse 119 and az-Zumar verse 33.
Sixth, honesty is associated with other good qualities such as Islam, faith, obedience, patience, compassion, charity, fasting, maintaining honor, and mentioning the name of Allah. This expression found in surat al-Ahzab verse 35. Quraish Shihab said in al-Mishbah, that an honest person is a person who always speaks the same as their hearts. In addition, those who have as-Siddiq characters always seek the truth and practice the truth (Shihab, 2002). The reward for their kindness will receive by the righteous people in the form of forgiveness and great reward. The prize given to the worshipers, as mentioned in verse above.

b. Honesty in Ḥadīṡ
The practice of honesty by the Prophet Muhammad in every way caused all people to believe in him, not only for Muslims but also for non-Muslim people. The practice of honesty has also been done even for enemies. Therefore, the Prophet has been given the name al-Amin (trustworthy). One of the characteristics that Muslims must believe that the Prophet Muhammad is the aṣ-siddiq, which means true. The Prophet said that honesty could guide people to goodness.
Ḥadīṡ above shows that honesty will always give virtue and goodness to who did it.
It can be visible from the success of the Prophet in carrying out his business in every transaction and explaining the condition of the merchandise sold. The Prophet always told the truth. Therefore, honesty is one of the essential business ethics of the Prophet besides trust (Saifullah, 2011). The above Ḥadīṡ provides recommendations to be honest and prohibitions of lying. This Ḥadīṡ also contains a message to perpetuate honesty. Besides, the ḥadīṡ above has a significant meaning that verified by current researchers today. Research conducted by Eijkholt shows that honesty could increase individual happiness. Someone will be happy when he or she could be honest in real life with others compared to being honest through cyberspace on social media (Eijkholt & Sparling, 2019). Rasulullah did not mention that honesty brings happiness, but heaven, which mentioned above referred to as happiness.
More than that, happiness that symbolized heaven is eternal.
Research has done recently on the effect of honesty on health. It shows that honesty and dishonesty have an impact on the brain's work process, increased heart rate and blood pressure, vasoconstriction, increased cortisol, and significant thinning of the brain to areas needed for proper emotional and physiological regulation (Rose-Ackerman, Susan, 2016).
Therefore, dishonesty means will disrupt a person's health in the short and long period.
Another thing related to honesty and happiness is the human body. Some hormones that have the function to maintain the immune system. These hormones are endorphin, serotonin, (Wu, Denna, Storkersen, & Gerriets, 2019) dopamine and oxytocin (Ferreira, Amorim, Mäkinen, & Moura, 2016) . All of these hormones have a strong relationship with the health of the body. This hormone will increase its production when the condition of the body is calm, motivated, cheerful, and in a happy situation. The human brain will work more extra to receive a command signal to prevaricate in mind. Lazzaro concluded in the research that the amygdala signals reluctance to act on the immoral thing, including lying (Garrett, Lazzaro, Ariely, & Sharot, 2016).
According to the research, honesty makes the body healthier, calmer and leads to genuine happiness (Torka, 2018). It is interesting to convey Herman's literature study that genuine happiness is impossible to find if it is only self-oriented without being involved and doing virtues in social life (Hermans, H., & Hermans-Konopka, 2010). Therefore, honesty is not only with yourself but also requires empathy for others, such as not doing corruption.
It means that the truth of the hadith above is irrefutable. It became a guide for both physically and psychologically. Then to bring the honest person to salvation in the world and the hereafter.
Adnan Ath-Tharsyah said that lying is the most hated character by the Messenger of Allah. The Prophet always says the truth is the happy, angry, or joking situation. The reason why the lie has become a prohibition because it can cause damage and slander (Ath-Tharsyah, 2006). Lies can be detrimental to others, so the Prophet mentioned a hadīṡ. It that Hadist, lie will lead to evil and bring someone to hell. The problem of deception presented in the ḥadīṡ also related to verse 6-surah al-Hujurat. It shows that lie is very dangerous and

Fitriah, Abd. Madjid
Honesty… can cause a disaster. Many people were involved in quarrels and ended in destruction because of dishonesty. The lie is also lead people to slander, which is more dangerous than murder because the consequences of slander are murder and damage the harmony of social life.

Honesty in the Perspective of Psychology
Honesty is a part of personality in psychology. From the year 1980 to the early 20th century, the famous description of personality is the big five personalities (Sorić, Penezić, & Burić, 2017), which mention those the five factors become a crucial thing and can describe the average difference between human being. Next comes a question that feels like an incomplete statement from big five personalities, which is honesty (Cervone, D., & Pervin, 2015). Then an honesty mention as the sixth personality (honesty is the sixth factor of personality) (Guo, You, Wang, Yi, & Chen, 2019).
A value of honesty in the perspective of psychology has various presumptions.
Seligman and Peterson, as a psychologist and as an initiator of positive psychology, argue that honesty is not limited to the technical meaning only, which represents the truth and as it is. Honesty also the power of a character that is followed by responsibility of how someone manages their feeling and keep what they do so that it can reach their expectation (Staats, Hupp, & Wallace, 2008).
Meanwhile, Gerlach P.K. explained that several experiences sometimes taught that honest could cause pain (Gerlach, 2015). The latest opinion is different from the honest value in Islam because, in Islam, the idea of contradicted honesty will give a sense of security and peace of life. The feeling of trying to cover up everything like this, in daily, both adult and child, make them common to do dishonest behavior. To make someone brave, to tell the truth, we need to create a conducive environment, safe, and comfortable. A discussion about a conducive environment to make people honest has started since they were a kid. A family is the main part that can teach about honest behavior to their children.
The parent can give a sense of security, a belief, and a model to their children. The honesty behavior also relates to development and education from surrounding people, including the school as a place to spend much of their life. Anita E. Kelly, a western psychologist from Notre Dame University, connects honesty and health. In her opinion, an American lies one to two times a day or eleven times in a week, and they often have a health problem. She researched 110 people in America with a control group and an experiment group (No-lie group). The results of the research prove that the participant has a health improvement, especially less headaches, sore throats, tension, and anxiety. Besides enhancement of health, those who do not lie also have a refinement of their interpersonal relationships with another person (Kelly & Wang, 2012), so it is clear that honesty leads to goodness and makes the soul healthy (Carr, 2014). This shows that dishonesty can be decreased, even be removed, in human life.
Another perspective about honesty is in the study results of Staats and Hagley. They researched Honesty and heroes: a positive psychology view of heroism and academic honesty (Staats et al., 2008). They experimented with several minority students who do not cheat at school. Two experiments that she did had the result that students who can act honestly have a heroic soul and bravery to face life, dare to take the risk that everything that they can get, and have empathy for others. This dual character developed to increase the level of student honesty.

The opposite of honesty is lies. Researchers of psychology researched lies. Burger and
Burgoon mentioned in their book that people lie because they avoid offending others, to emphasize self-esteem, and prevent conflict. Lying is not easy. Its because a liar who has to keep his anxiety in front of the person you are talking. However, lying is also tricky and generates anxiety for liars for fear that their lies will be revealed (Morrisa, 2010). Thus, it requires effort for liars to hide their lies and to stabilize the condition.

The Urgency for Honesty Education
Honesty is not only an obligation but also a necessity. The description of the Alquran has given a sign that honesty is fundamental. Honesty also introduced and order in other religions. In Hinduism, there is a term called Satya, which is the main element of faith. Faith means truth (Suarta, 2018). The teachings of Buddha contain honesty in the sacred path "Atthangika magga", especially the third point, Samma Vacca, which means speech correctly (Pravichai & Ariyabuddhiphongs, 2018). Even in Buddhist teachings, honesty will bring happiness (Demirci, İ., & Ekşi, 2018) and provide balance in life (Visãrado, 2018). In Christianity, honesty is God's command, honest people will be able to prosper the city, and a lie is a cruel act (McDowell, 2014). Likewise, the discussion in positive psychology, honesty is a virtue as part of the positive power possessed by humans (Frydenberg & Frydenberg, 2017).

Honesty…
According to Maréchal, honesty has a significant influence on the social and economic issues of a country (Hugh-Jones, 2016;Maréchal, Cohn, Ugazio, & Ruff, 2017). Honesty is essential to realized and demand to find ways to improve it. Wells and Molina stated the same thing that honesty is a vital truth for the public area(Wells & Molina, 2017).
Pfattheicher's research also concludes that honesty has a positive impact on one's social behavior and can avoid anti-social behaviour (Pfattheicher, Schindler, & Nockur, 2019).
Normatively the value of honesty built to support various social beliefs and norms.
Humans, as social beings, are impossible to live alone. Therefore, to establish functional interactions with others and expect positive relationships with many people requires honesty.
Involvement in a small environment, such as in the village, the city, and a broad scope such as relations between countries, then this honesty value can apply and become the key to success for someone. Therefore, honesty should be involved in social life whenever and wherever a person is.
Academically, honesty education expected to prepare students to become positive human beings. Some of the traits that appear in the positive meaning of honesty education are confidence, responsibility, curiosity (Galli et al., 2018), courageous and capable to be honest in all conditions (Syaodih & Handayani, 2017). In addition to raising these traits, honesty predicted to broaden students' insight and make students think genuine and be more creative. The importance of honesty in the academic view if observed from the research are educational honesty related to other traits. Then, Otten, in his research, connected honesty and humility with the level of student confidence (Otten, 2017). It means that students who are dishonest in academics, such as cheating on exams, are those with low self-confidence.
Furthermore, confidence in a student in the long term will have a positive impact on a student's academic achievement.
Efforts to implement and habituate honesty in schools also aim to increase student selfesteem. Cheating estimated as behavior that undermines self-esteem so that when already used, to be honest, the self-esteem of students will increase (Baumeister & Vohs, 2018).
Confidence in self-esteem also has a positive effect on students in learning. Academic honesty also requires someone to be capable of controlling himself or herself, for example, refrain from cheating during the exam. In psychology, this known as self-control. Tangney's restraint behavior has a good effect on a student, which is more self-regulating, can achieve higher grades, can avoid using drugs, and more successful in interacting with others (Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004). This ability to control oneself, in the end, can make a person used to think extensive and does not act hastily.
Courage is a part that is not separate from the results of honesty education.
Fearlessness is one of the components discussed in positive psychology and has a positive effect on someone (Lopez, Teramoto, & Pedrotti, 2019). Someone who used to do his tasks independently will be confident and creative. It is close to the concept of self-acceptance in psychology. Meanwhile, self-acceptance in some studies can provide happiness, subjective well-being (Xu, Oei, Liu, Wang, & Ding, 2016), and sense of a harmonious life in his life.
It shown that honesty is an essential theme in positive psychology.
Assertiveness is a term known in the discussion of psychology (Gultekin, Ozdemir, & Budak, 2018). Assertiveness is a positive character that is not easy to be possessed by someone but has great benefits for someone. Individuals who care for others' feelings will choose to hide their disappointment, and this trait is called non-assertive (Griggs, 2018).
Some people who feel aggrieve and say their feelings honestly in emotion is an aggressive person. Assertiveness is between them. Someone who can speak honestly and openly but can communicate in a good language so that the person they are talking to does not be offended.
Self-awareness is also an integral part of honesty education. Bender, in his study, also concluded that self-awareness embeds in children would increase their honesty (Bender, O'Connor, & Evans, 2018). Likewise, research conducted on Saudi Arabian students who cheated during the exam. The results of this study also suggested creating awareness among students (Elmahdi, 2018). Awareness also helps reduce a person's level of lies. Several studies of honesty have recently emerged and mentioned that honesty connected to other characters and can produce other good qualities.
Honesty can make someone loves someone else, has a sense of altruism, not selfish in acting, satisfies with his or her life, and always has a tendency to do kindness (Fazeli & ., 2018). Honesty is a virtue (Wilson, 2018) which can bring forth other goodness.
Professionally honesty is the main thing that must maintained by an organization. Research conducted at 18 organizations in the city of Mumbai supports this research. Employees truly respect the right thing and respect a manager who communicates openly and directly. The study also addresses actions to encourage larger and consistent transparency within the organization, which is key to a healthy and work environment high performing (Bharucha, 2018).

Honesty…
Professionally, honesty education has a close relationship with morals. Thomas Lickona experimented on honesty to study the thoughts of honest people. The trial results of the lost wallet story showed that 56 percent of the wallets distributed in several countries returned, and 44 % not returned. The most crucial motivation from their consideration was because they have empathy. They thought that maybe the owner of the wallet needs the money (Lickona, 1996). It means the moral value possessed by someone could make someone become an honest person.
Sosik's research shows that honesty is the most character valued in the job or career.
Honesty-humility, courage to work together in self-control could produce performance excellence and psychological well-being in the workplace. It has become a priority to choose a leader in an organization so employees can emulate the strength of the excellent leader characters (Sosik, Chun, Ete, Arenas, & Scherer, 2018). Honesty, empathy, and responsibility are the character of the strength of the company to bind customers (Markovic, Iglesias, Singh, & Sierra, 2018). Furthermore, empathy will make customers feel satisfied, and it will help the progress and success of a company.
Honesty is a universal value that applies everywhere and every time. This research shows that honesty plays an essential role in individual and nonindividual goodness in professional work (Suud, 2018). Honest people will face reality and accept whatever result happened; even the situation was not good for them. Honestly, both on one side and another side will give genuine happiness. "honesty towards ourselves and others is a pre-condition for genuine happiness" (Torka, 2018). The statement carried out by Torka approved by several other studies, which stated that honesty provides health to the honest people.
Finally, the description of honesty is essential to improve the motivation for everyone towards honest behavior. Description of multi-dimension honesty also concludes that virtue has a relationship with other psychological attributes. Some of the characters that are inherent and have a relationship with honesty described in the figure 1.

Conclusion
Multidimensional honesty studies show that there are no reasons for individuals not to be honest. Honesty is needed for personal interests because people who are lying will continue to disguise their lie until involved in mental health problems. Psychologically, the liar will engage in pathological problems, feel anxiety because he or she has done something contrary to their conscience. Physically, the results of some researches have shown that lies can affect health, neural system, and memory.
Honesty has a significant impact on the community. How many people get lost because of someone else's dishonesty? Academic dishonesty, social fields, politics, health, law, and others, inevitably have harmful consequences. Even in the digital era, the lies became more massive where smartphone users could send hoax messages in a second to all people. The nation's biggest problem is the things that are caused by dishonesty, such as corruption.
Corruption not only harms one or two people, but millions of residents feel the consequences of state officials' lies.
The last comment is about religious studies, which has become the primary source and the most crucial guideline for implementing honest behavior. Literature about honesty commands all people to be accurate. Islam guides being honest. Rasulullah is a role model