Illocutionary Speech Acts Analysis in Nadhira Afifa's Speech as A Student Speaker at Harvard Graduation 2020

The present study aims to find out the types of illocutionary act in Nadhira Afifa’s speech as a student’s speaker as Master of Public Health in Harvard Graduation 2020. The types of illocutionary which was promoted by Yule (1996) focused in this study. The study used qualitative descriptive by analyzing Nadhira’s speech as the main data. Furthermore, the sources of the data in this study was collected by downloading the video of speech from YouTube. Then, the data are analyzed and transcribed into the written form. Furthermore, the data were grouped into five types of illocutionary speech acts. The finding revealed that there are four typed of illocutionary speech acts which are used in Nadhira's speech. They were representative, expressive, directive and commissive. In this term, one of illocutionary acts type which is declarative did not find in the speech.


INTRODUCTION
Language in communication plays a vital role in human life since it is a tool to deliver messages such as ideas, emotions, and thoughts. It utters by the speaker to the hearer by using gestures, sounds, or signals for many various reasons and intentions (Larasanti et al., 2020). That is why, when there are a lot of meanings that can be analyzed beyond it. Then, Larasanti et al. (2020) mentioned that there are two types of communication; verbal communication which the element using words in communicating the messages, and nonverbal communication which uses gestures, facial expressions, signals, body movements, eye contacts, and general appearances in conveying the messages which are done by the speaker to the hearer. It shows that there is another aspect that can be assumed to be a factor in successful communication.
In building the communication, the speaker mainly creates the utterances by intending the meaning and the hearer merely infers to the speaker's meaning. Searle (1969) mentioned that the speaker will perform five basic actions in speaking such as ensure the hearer about the information that the speaker believe in (representative), expressing someone's feelings (expressive), asking the hearer to do something (directive), committing to do specific action in the future (commissive) and making the someone's world into the external situation (declarative).
A study of language can be discussed by considering how the speaker used language to achieve intended actions and how hearers can infer intended meaning from what the speaker has been said as called Speech Acts (Dibdyaningsih & Chakim, 2019). The theory is promoted by Austin (1962) who viewed that every utterance which is produced by speaker will create three types of acts; locutionary acts, illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts. Meanwhile, Yule (1996) added that the speech acts intensively promote the speaker to perform the action when they speak the language and it creates various meanings for each utterance. In other words, speech acts refer to someone's action performance which provided beyond the meaning and have the purpose of communicative.
One of the prestigious moment of Indonesian students who study overseas becomes a student speaker in the Graduation day. Recently, the good news comes from the United States of America where an Indonesian student has been successful as a student's speaker at Harvard Graduation 2020. She is Nadhira Afifa who has graduated as a Master of Public Health at Harvard University and successful to be a delegation as a student speaker at Harvard Graduation 2020. Moreover, she has been dedicated to be a student speaker after she has a long process of competition. Indeed, it is interesting when we attempt to analyze her speech regarding to utterance spoken. In regards to the way she plays with the language so that she can be chosen as the delegation Based on the explanation above, the authors propose to employ the research about the speech acts analysis to bridge the gaps by promoting the speech delivered by Nadhira Afifa. There are several considerations to be intended. Firstly, it is important to promote both speaker and listener awareness about the language whether the speech is coherence or not and the intended meaning is being accepted or not. Secondly, it can prepare people to communicate in a contextual situation by considering functional language and sociolinguistic skills. As Ilma (2007) mentioned the study of speech acts can enhance can facilitate the reader to be understood in English and to use the language to achieve their desired aims in a social context. The present study is conducted to analyze the speech act which includes five types of illocutionary speech act by Nadhira Afifa as a student speaker at Harvard Graduation 2020.
In speech acts, there is a relationship between utterance that uttered by people. The notion of the Speech Act was first proposed by Austin (1962) then followed by Searle (1969) and Yule (1996) which mentioned that in uttering a sentence, a speaker is commonly involved in three different acts. They are locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Yule (1996) viewed locutionary act as the explicit meaning which produced via utterance. Then, illocutionary acts as the communicative purpose of the utterances and the listener can achieve the meaning beyond the utterance. Cruse (2000) added that illocutionary acts view as the action that straightforward with the locutionary acts if there are appropriate contextual conditions. Then, the last is perlocutionary act refer to the utterance without emphasizing the effect. As our focus in the present study is the term of illocutionary acts which being attracted too many researchers to be explored. It views as It is often used to be employed in research because the illocutionary act is viewed as the real action performed by the utterance, and the effect of the utterance is addressed to the perlocutionary effect (Sameer, 2017). It is being fruitful to administer the illocutionary acts in several actions of utterances especially in speech. Hence, the illocutionary acts also can construct someone's communicative strategic (Chankova, 2019) In Illocutionary act, there are five types: representative, directive, commissive, declarative and expressive. According to Yule (1996) Declarations are kinds of speech acts which the utterance can change the word. Then, representative means the speakers believe about the case. Describing, complaining, informing, stating, claiming, criticizing, telling, assuring and reminding includes as representative action (Chairani et al., 2020). It is different with the expressive that it can state the speaker's feelings such as joy, pain, sorrow, pleasure, like or dislike, thanking, welcoming, congratulating and pleasure include as expressive speech act (Hutajulu & Herman, 2019). Next, the directives which require someone to do something such as request, command, order, suggestion, warning, directing, advising, urging, insisting and pleading (Rosyidi et al., 2019). And the last is commissive which this kind of speech act can express what the speaker meaning and the speaker used to carry out them to do several actions in the future such as promising, threatening, volunteering and refusing (Husain et al., 2020) Furthermore, the speech act is recognized as an approach to conceptualize argumentative activities in human's (Haucsa et al., 2020). It means the speaker not only concern to describe the word but also proposes to communicate the meaning as well as to convey and share the information, thought, ideas to the listener. Therefore, the study of speech act is being essential to be conducted.
The present study in line with study related to the speech acts analysis have been conducted by many researchers both in Indonesia or other countries. Sameer (2017) conducted a research analysis of Speech Act Patterns in Two Egyptian Inaugural Speeches. The study revealed that between two speeches, the few differences are employed which were analyzed by using Searle's theory of speech acts. In El Sada's speech, the first type employed is commissive. Meanwhile, El Sisi's speech, as the opposition candidate, assertive came first. In this term, however, they are in the same culture, the researcher can assume that there are differences in some circumstances of both candidates. Furthermore, the study was conducted by Haucsa et al. (2020) which used descriptive analysis design to analyze the illocutionary speech acts analysis in Tom Cruise's Interview. The result revealed that there were four kinds of illocutionary speech acts which are used by Tom Cruise in his interview. Based on the data, the representative speech act is used most performed in the interview and declarative become the least one.
The previous studies above are in line with the present study related to analyze the speech acts. Based on the studies previously, it shows that it is essential and beneficial to analyze the speech acts in order to achieve the meaning of the utterance very well. However, there is a gap between the present study with the previous ones. The present study will analyze someone's speech from not-so-familiar figures rather than the people in the previous studies above. Then, from two previous studies, one of them concern with three types of locution, illocution, and perlocution, meanwhile the present study only focuses on the illocutionary acts as the representation of the real action. Moreover, one other of previous study discuss only illocutionary acts however the setting of the research is interview and the aims of the research will determine the most and the least used types of illocutionary speech acts, meanwhile the present study concern with the speech in formal stage setting and the focus tend to the preferable types of illocutionary speech acts.

METHODOLOGY
The present study will conduct a descriptive qualitative analysis in order to analyze the types of illocutionary speech acts performed by Nadhira Afifa's speech at Harvard Graduation 2020. Creswell (2012) mentioned that qualitative research consists of the key concept, opinion or progress of the study as a core of phenomenon. Thus, the author attempted to analyze the speech that related to the empirical context of study. The aim of descriptive analysis study is to concern about the something being happen and what features to get comprehensive and in-depth analysis (Nassaji, 2015) and in this term, the focus of this study is the illocutionary speech act. Nadhira's speech will be the single object to be analyzed. The data source of the present study by downloading the video of Nadhira Afifa's speech from YouTube. Denscombe (2010) mentioned that documents for data information can be gathered from the internet such as website pages like YouTube or email and they can be included as online documents. Then, the observation will be done by the author to analyze Nadhira's speech and attempt to transcribe it into the written form. It is in line with the theory proposed by (Paltridge, 2008). Furthermore, the authors analyzed the type of illocutionary speech acts performed by Nadhira Afifa and calculate the percentages to get the findings.
Regarding the explanation above, this study purposes to figure out the illocutionary acts from Nadhira Afifa's Speech as student speaker at Harvard University 2020. To achieve the aims, the questions follow as: (1) What types of illocutionary acts occurred in Nadhira Afifa's speech?
(2) What are the preferable types of illocutionary acts performed by Nadhira Afifa in her speech?

FINDINGS & DISCUSSIONS
After gathering the data and doing observation, the author found interesting findings about Nadhira's speech in which there were 22 utterances that the author found and categorized into representative speech acts. 12 utterances that showed expressive action, 2 utterances that showed the directive speech act and 3 utterances that showed as commissive speech act.

A. Representative
Representative means what the speaker believes to be true via utterance (Yule, 1996). Describing, complaining, informing, stating, claiming, criticizing, telling, assuring and reminding includes as representative action (Alshorafat et al., 2019;Rais & Triyono, 2019;Chairani et al., 2020). In the present study, there were 22 utterances that the author found and categorized into representative speech acts. Here are several of utterance that represent representative speech acts.  It means that her appearance by wearing a hijab will directly show her identity as a Muslim. As a Muslim, people around her can automatically determine their threat to her. It included as representative speech acts because it consisted of the information that the speaker believes in. 2.
Mama has always been the one who inspires me. She is the youngest of 11 siblings, born and raised by farmers in a rural Sumatran Island in Indonesia.
It means that she attempted to settle her parents, especially her mom as her inspired person. She never forgets her mom's struggle to study higher. Then it carried her children to succeed in studying in the most prestigious university in the world. This utterances included as representative speech acts because it consisted of the information about the speaker's experience.

3.
Dream high because our only limits in our minds.
It means that reach your dream as high as you can because there is no limitation to study. Only your minds that can limit your ambitions. So, never blocked your mind to study higher. This utterances included as representative speech acts because the words consist of the meaningful motivation to be delivered.

4.
Public health provides us with the privilege to save the lives of millions and improve the health and longevity of generations and generations to come.
It means that Nadhira want to open people's mind that how important public health in this world.
When people ignore about what the impact of public health, on this occasion, she proved that without public health, the sustainability of people's life will not being guarantee. This utterance included a representative speech act because she inform to the audiences about the vital role of public health.

5.
It's only through public health that we can see now the entire countries have been forgetting their differences and pooling their resources beneath the gloomy, dramatic coronavirus headlines, there are countless tales of collaborations and dedications.
It supported the previous utterances about public health. The meaning of her utterance is in nowadays, public health becomes so crucial to fight coronavirus and give the education to the people to save their life. Then, the notion of equality, inclusivity, and unity make public health is admitted plays a vital role in worldwide. So, public health will be concerned by her in pursuing the people's prosperity. The utterance included as representative speech acts because it consist the supporting information from the previous one about the importance of being part of public health.
Based on the data provided, the percentages of representative speech act which includes in Nadhira's speech is 56.4 %.

B. Expressive
Expressive views as the speech acts that reveal someone's feels (Yule, 1996). Thanking, welcoming, congratulating, joy and pleasure include as expressive speech act (Putri, 2019;Hutajulu & Herman, 2019;Dibdyaningsih & Chakim, 2019). Based on the author's analysis, there were 12 utterances that showed expressive action. Here are the examples of expressive action. It expressed the happiness about their achievement in study. As the students who have graduated after the long journey during the study, it is the time to show their gratitude. The utterance included an expressive speech act because it consisted of someone's feeling to be grateful as the graduated students from university. 2.
surprisingly, Harvard provides us with a very convenient praying room equipped with all things we need for praying.
It expressed how grateful Nadhira, when she knew that her campus has provided the place to pray. It means that her campus is very respectful to the students around the world. The utterance included an expressive speech act because it mentioned her feeling to be blessed as the Muslim in minority but the university has been tolerant to provide the praying place. 3.
I would never forget the first day of orientation at this school.
This utterance expressed Nadhira's feelings on the first day at school. She feels insecure about what happened to her. She is so afraid to talk with her new friends, her surroundings and she feels no one. The utterance included as expressive speech acts because it consisted of her feeling to be insecure in the first day of orientation at the school. 4.
Class of 2020, welcome to the often exciting, sometimes exhausting, rarely appreciated but always important work of public health. Thank you This utterance expressed her appreciation to other graduate students about their achievement and show pride as part of a master of public health. The utterance included an expressive speech act because it consisted of her joy as part of public health.
Based on the data provided, the percentages of expressive speech act which includes in Nadhira's speech is 30.7 %.

C. Directive
Directive means that the utterance that is used by the speaker to require someone to do something or follow the instruction (Yule, 1996). It includes warning, directing, advising, urging, insisting and pleading. (Tutuarima et al., 2018;Fitria, 2019). Based on author analysis, there were 2 utterances that showed the directive speech act. This utterance means that Nadhira asked the people who were graduated from the master of public health-related their childhood to think about being a public health. She actually never even imagined that. The utterance included a directive speech act because she asked to the audiences about have they being thought to be public health in the future.

2.
So, let me change the question. How many of you, now that you've finished Harvard, will proudly say "I am glad to be a public health professional." After she gives her speech about the importance to be a part of public health, now she triggered her audiences to be proud as a part of public health and graduate from Harvard University as the best university for public health majors. The utterance included a directive speech act because she asked to the audiences about their pride to be part of public health.
Based on the data provided, the percentages of directive speech act which includes in Nadhira's speech is 5.1 %.

D. Commissive
Commissive speech act means that via her utterances, the speaker attempt to do commitment to herself to do something in the future (Yule, 1996). It includes threatening, volunteering, refusing and so forth (Husain et al., 2020). In Nadhira's speech, the author found 3 utterances that showed as commissive speech act.  However, I will not stop here. Today is only the beginning of our bigger journey.
Her utterance means that she will commit to contribute herself to help the people, especially in public health. The utterance included a commissive speech act because she promises to herself to actualize her life as public health. 2 my sister and brothers, you have chosen to be here today because you are called to serve, to dignify the lives of people you've never even met or you may never, ever meet.
It means that students who graduated from public health have the trustworthiness to serve, help, educate people in this world about the importance to keep their lives healthy. The utterance included a commissive speech act because she triggered the audiences to keep their vow to contribute to public health.
3 and I encourage you all to promise that we will not stop ourselves to live higher, contribute more and make an impact to the world through public health.
She provoked all masters of public health graduate people to keep their actualization to contribute to solve the problem about health recently happened in this world. The utterance included a commissive speech act because she asked the audiences to keep fighting in contribution to public health.
Based on the data provided, the percentages of commissive speech act which includes in Nadhira's speech is 7.7%. Furthermore, to be more summarized and understandable, the findings are presented in the chart below. The finding reveals that there are only four types from five types of illocutionary acts which included in Nadhira's speech. In this term, representative, expressive, directive, and commission are categorized in the speech. Meanwhile, the declarative speech acts did not include in the speech. (Widiastuti, 2020) mentioned that declarative illocutionary speech acts happen when the speaker success in leading the audiences to change the correspondence from the meaning into reality. Mostly, declarative speech acts included in the speech of authorized people such as priest, president, leader or head of department, dean, institutional role, etc (Rahayu et al., 2018). They have hold to change the world of audiences or listeners via their utterances. In that so, the speech of Nadhira as a student's speaker will not include the declarative speech acts.
Dealing with the findings of the data, it can be concluded through the percentage of each type of illocutionary act. It mentioned as representative (56.4%), expressive (30.7%), directive (5.1%), commissive (7.7%) and declarative (0%). It revealed that as a student's speaker, Nadhira prefer to deliver the information that she believed as the importance meaning about public health and her struggle in reaching the successfulness as the magister degree. It revealed that as a student's speaker, Nadhira preferred to deliver the information that she believed as the importance meaning about public health and her struggle in reaching the successfulness as the magister degree. Then, in her speech, she considered to express her feeling such as joy, grateful, blessing and happy as being master degree and one step her dream will become true. Moreover, she really proud to her mother as the main motivation in her study. It is a very touch speech that can open the audience minds about how important family in our life. Furthermore, she also gave the motivation to the audiences about the trustworthy of the public health to help people around the world. She asked the audiences to keep their actualization as public health to solve the problem about health that recently happened in our world. In this term, the coronavirus must be resisted in order to keep the longevity of people's lives. Public health bridge them into the equality to fight the coronavirus and another health's enemy. Meanwhile, she knew that some people ignore public health existence, but it is not an obstacle to reach the aims.
By looking at the findings which showed the representative speech acts are dominant and preferable in Nadhira's speech. It is in line with the study conducted Praditya et al. (2014) Mufiah and Nur Rahman (2018), and Haucsa et al.(2020) that also found the most used in the utterance is representative speech act.
The notion of Illocutionary acts is being an essential aspects analyzed in speech acts that is integrated to a real life. It is commonly observed in interview, graduation speech, political debate, president campaign, conference, advertisement and in everyday conversation (Ilma, 2007). Unfortunately, the people did not realize that in their utterances there are various types of illocutionary acts. For instance, in individual speech, the people tried to manage their utterances in order to proper in the situation. When the situation is required to side of someone, it will mostly use commissive and directive acts. Unless, the speech of graduation mostly applied representative and expressive because the situation is required to. As being promoted by Yule (1996) illocutionary acts have several types of acts. They are representative, expressive, directive, commissive and declarative. Therefore, the illocutionary acts in every kinds of context occurred differently.
Furthermore, the flow of illocutionary acts in speech acts are variety. For graduation speech, it mostly started with the expressive acts and it was followed by the representative ones. It also can occur in several contexts of individual speech. The e-ISSN: 2580-9040 e-Jurnal: http://doi.org/10.21009/AKSIS speaker will not start the utterances which consist of directive or commissive, because it is impolite in some cases. Rosyidi et al. (2019) mentioned that is very matter to consider the context in speech. Thus, the intended meaning can be understood by the hearer. This means that the context is a tool to create the process of elaboration in order to avoid meaningless message. Therefore, in conveying the meaning, the speaker should have smooth flow to move to the next notion. By considering the context behind the utterances in speech, it is easier for the hearer to understand the meaning. In this way, Nadhira prefer to use representative and expressive in her speech because as the student's speaker.
In this situation, Nadhira's speech has considered the context related to the graduation, so that she has more intention in expressing the information and the feelings. She prefers to convey the importance of being public health in society nowadays and gratitude for the achievement. Meanwhile Larasanti et al. (2020) mentioned in some cases of individual speech, the illocutionary acts prefer to concern the representative and directive. For example, in presidential candidacy speech or political debates. Thus, the intended meaning in speech should be paid attention by the speaker in order to have successful communication.
In addition, the way Nadhira control her speech in Harvard Graduation 2020, it seems to follow with the types of illocutionary acts. Based on the data findings, the way Nadhira control her speech in Harvard Graduation 2020, it seems to follow with the types of illocutionary acts. Based on the data findings, Nadhira's speech shows that there are 56.4% for representative acts and 30.7% for expressive acts. It means that as the speaker, Nadhira concern to inform the hearer about Public health. Mufiah and Nur Rahman (2018) argued that representative mostly occurred in individual speech because the speaker can convince the hearer that the speech will be important to be heard. Meanwhile, expressive tends to express the feelings related to the achievement for their effort during the time. In contrasts, Dibyaningsih and Chakim (2019) mentioned that in individual speech, especially in academic term, the representative is followed by the directive dealing with the motivation. Then, Chairani et al. (2020)is also argued that directive speech act can advise the people in terms of motivation in education. However, the findings reveal that Nadhira's speech is able to motivate and educate the hearer to the representative and expressive acts.
Furthermore, directive acts occur when there is an intended command that force people to do something. Directive can control the hearer to do something. It consists of command, suggestion and request (Fitria, 2019). It can be implemented if the speaker has important role in the hearer life. It is in line with the commissive acts. However, it commonly occurred in presidential speech (Husain et al., 2020). In addition, commissive is mostly appear in president candidate debate. Hence, there are six types of commissive; commit, threat, bet, offer, guarantee and promise. Then, the president candidate will use the commissive statement in their campaign in order to interact people. The last but not least, the findings reveal that there is no declarative statement in Nadhira's speech in Harvard Graduation 2020. Declarative acts will occur if the speaker is the person who can change someone's life, position, and world (Sartika et al., 2019). Lawyer, priest, judges, police, dean are able to state declarative acts. In this case, Nadhira is only student who have graduated from Master of Public Health. In that so, she has not opportunities to mention declarative in her speech.
Based on the findings presented, illocutionary acts for this speech revealed that representative and expressive are being preferable. It is occurred because the context and the speaker who has the speech is a student's speaker in graduation day. Therefore, there are intended meanings which are conveyed by Nadhira Afifa in Harvard Graduation 2020.

E. Implications to Language Teaching and Learning
The present study is employed to give the beneficial for the readers especially in language teaching and learning. Since the speech acts is discussed as the material in pragmatics and discourse analysis, it is essential to be applied. In speech acts, there is one type that is mostly researched by the people; illocutionary acts. As can be seen in the elaboration and explanation above, illocutionary acts is closely related to the people's daily life. In this term, the speech is delivered by the student's speaker of Harvard University, Nadhira Afifah. On her speech, she attempted to motivate and share the important information dealing with Public health in society. Therefore, the author is very interest to analyze Nadhira's speech.
Furthermore, the illocutionary acts is important to be learnt especially in the classroom. It is useful for the teacher to concern about the meaning of her/his information. Meanwhile, the utterance during teaching and learning process is being crucial since it commonly happen during the interaction between teacher and students in the classroom. In addition, speech acts can help the teacher to build good communication with the students. The teacher can consider what types of speech acts that she or he use in the interaction. Especially for illocutionary acts, the teacher will refer to the context or situation she or he is in. Thus, the concept of speech acts is to pursue the successful interaction in human's life. As Dibdyaningsih and Chakim (2019)mentioned that, the teacher use representative and directive to motivate her students in order to get successful in learning. Hence, it also can be utilized for the students to understand the meaning of teacher's utterance. In that so, speech acts were taught implicitly. The teacher only teaches the function of the language and the students can apply them in the daily life.
Moreover, in speech acts, cultural background become one of consideration in interaction (Widiastuti, 2020). By having different cultural background, it challenges both teacher and students to adapt during the communication in the classroom. In this term, students also should involve socio cultural experiences in their language learning process . Hence, the students should pay attention in action or saying dealing to be polite to the teacher and the teacher should consider the student's style in understanding the information.
In summary, speech acts theory provides the contribution in language learning and teaching. For teacher and students, it is helpful to build good communication. Then, it provides the types of acts to confirm, question, command, inform and express during the learning process. It is expected to create the effectiveness of interaction to reach the learning objectives in the classroom.

CONCLUSION
Based on the study findings and discussion, there were several points that can be concluded regarding the aims of the study. Firstly, there were four out of five types of illocutionary acts performed by Nadhira Afifa's speech as a student's speaker in Harvard Graduation 2020. It is revealed by the percentages of the results which are as representative (56.4%), expressive (30.7%), directive (5.1%), commissive (7.7%), and declarative (0%). Secondly, the most used of the type of illocutionary acts is representative (56.4%) which the utterance consists of the information that the speaker believes as the case and in this term, the speaker informs the importance of being part of public health for the human health's sake in this world. Then, the expressive type is followed at the most used in the speech because she wanted to express her feelings such as joy, gratitude and blessing to be graduated as master of public health in the most prestigious university in the world. The last but not least, there is no declarative illocutionary acts (0%) which revealed that in the present speech, Nadhira did not have authorization to change the world via her utterance because she is only a student's speaker who represents the master of public health graduated students to speak up in Harvard Graduation 2020.
Hopefully, the present study can give a contribution to the further researcher to develop the research related to the speech act. Furthermore, the readers also can take the valuable points from Nadhira's speech to dream high and reach your dream to become true. Here, the author attempted to analyze the speech from the type of illocutionary acts. Thus, the researchers from other perspectives are very welcomed to improve the study about discourse analysis to be concerned one.