Imajinasi Kemaritiman dalam Sastra Jawa Kuno Pra-Islam: Eksplorasi Bait Puisi Kakawin Sumanasāntaka, Bhomāntaka, dan Ghaṭotkacāśraya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21009/Arif.012.09Keywords:
Jawa Kuno, kakawin, laut, pesisirAbstract
Artikel ini mengkaji bait sastra puisi Jawa Kuno (kakawin) tentang kemaritiman, yaitu laut dan masyarakat pesisir. Hanya sedikit teks klasik sastra Jawa Kuno yang membahas laut dan berbagai kegiatan perairan termasuk kondisi sosial budaya masyarakat pesisir. Dengan menggunakan studi dokumen dan metode penggalian data dokumentasi, artikel ini membahas tiga. Pertama, nelayan, ikan gajah gajamīna, dan pesisir pantai beserta sisi gelapnya. Kedua, joṅ sebagai kapal yang dipadankan dengan jukuṅ, sambo, dan sāmwau. Ketiga, visualisasi keindahan pantai sebagai destinasi menawan dalam imajinasi sastra Jawa Kuno. Pesona estetika laut beserta segala sesuatu yang melingkupinya menjadi daya tarik para penguasa dan raja-raja Jawa untuk mempertahankan wilayahnya. Artikel ini berkontribusi memvisualisasi kemaritiman dalam sastra puisi Jawa Kuno (kakawin) yang tidak dibahas dalam beberapa kajian sejarah dan arkeologi pada masa Islam di Jawa.
References
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Braginsky, V. (2004). The Heritage of Traditional Malay Literature: A Historical Survey of Genres, Writings and Literary Views. KITLV.
Braginsky, V. (2006). Meaning of the Sound: Magic and Sufi Mysticism in the Phonic Structure of the Malay Charm and Chant. Indonesia and the Malay World, 34(100), 281–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639810601130168.
Braginsky, V. (2008). Structure, date and sources of Hikayat Aceh revisited: The problem of Mughal-Malay literary ties. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 162(4), 441–467. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003662.
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Creese, H. (2001). Old Javanese Studies: A Review of the Field. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 157(1), 3–33.
Creese, H. (2011). Rāmāyaṇa Traditions in Bali. Dalam H. Creese, A. Acri, & A. Griffiths (Ed.), From Lanka Eastwards (93–118). Brill. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76w8d.9.
Creese, H. (2015). Women of the Kakawin World: Marriage and Sexuality in the Indic Courts of Java and Bali. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315698083.
de Casparis, J. G. (1988). Where was Pu Sindok’s capital situated. Studies in South and Southeast Asian Archaeology. Leiden, 39–52.
Ellen, R. (2019). Pottery production and trade in the Banda zone, Indonesia. Indonesia and the Malay World, 47(138), 133–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2019.1582862.
Evers, H.-D. (1988). Traditional Trading Networks of Southeast Asia. Archipel, 35(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.3406/arch.1988.2418.
Feener, R. M., Daly, P., & Reed, A. (2011). Mapping the Acehnese Past. BRILL.
Hall, K. (2006). Multi-Dimensional Networking: Fifteenth-Century Indian Ocean Maritime
Diaspora in Southeast Asian Perspective. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 49(4), 454–481.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156852006779048426.
Heidhues, M. S. (t.t.). The ‘Renaissance’of Sino-Malay Literature (2. ed). regiospectra.
Hoogervorst, T., & Jákl, J. (2020). The Rise of the Chef in Java. Global Food History, 6(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/20549547.2019.1707017.
Houben, V. J. H. (1992). Looking in Odd Mirrors: The Java Sea (Vol. 5). Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië, Rijksuniversiteit.
Hung, H., Nguyen, K. D., Bellwood, P., & Carson, M. T. (2013). Coastal Connectivity: Long-Term Trading Networks Across the South China Sea. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 8(3), 384–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2013.781085.
Jákl, J. (2016a). The Folding Book Format (Concertina) in Pre-Islamic Java: Revisiting the Old Javanese Term ləpihan. Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient, 102, 165–194.
Jákl, J. (2016b). The Iiterary motif of head-taking in Old Javanese court poems (kakavin): Cěṅěl and varagaṅ terms revisited. Indonesia and the Malay World, 44(129), 165– 187. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2015.1133140.
Jákl, J. (2016c). The Loincloth, Trousers, and Horse-riders in Pre-Islamic Java: Notes on the Old Javanese Term Lañciṅan. Archipel. Études Interdisciplinaires Sur Le Monde Insulindien, 91, 185–202. https://doi.org/10.4000/archipel.312.
Jakl, J. (2017). Stuart Robson, The Kakawin Ghaṭotkacāśraya by Mpu Panuluh, Tokyo, Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (Javanese Studies: Contributions to the Study of Javanese Literature, Culture and History, vol. 3), 2016. Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême Orient, 103(1), 530–536.
Jákl, J. (2019). The Figure of the Taṇḍa in Old Javanese Literary and Epigraphical Records. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 175(2–3), 309–339. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17502002.
Khakam, G. A., & Tedjowasono, N. S. (2017). A toponymy based study on waterway trade in the ancient Mataram era (9th–11th century AD). Dalam Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World (673–680). Routledge.
Khan, S. B. A. L. (2016). Aceh-India Commercial and Literary Relations in the Seventeenth Century. Dalam The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India. Routledge.
Kudo, Y. (2018). Dutch Bank Transactions with Chinese Traders in the Dutch East Indies: The Java Sugar Trade and the 1917 Sugar Crisis. Dalam T. Shiroyama (Ed.), Modern Global Trade and the Asian Regional Economy (3–31). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0375-3_1.
Levin, C. (2011). The Grand Finale: The Uttarakāṇḍa of the Loro Jonggrang Temple Complex. From Lanka Eastwards, 149–177. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004253766_009.
MacLeod, I. D. (2020). In Situ Preservation of Shipwreck Artifacts. Dalam C. Smith (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology (5594–5610). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_585.
Manguin, P.-Y. (1996). Southeast Asian shipping in the Indian Ocean during the 1st
millennium AD. National Institute of Science, Technology & Development Studies
(NISTADS), 181.
Manguin, P.-Y. (2018). 8. The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries). Dalam Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief (197–213). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501732171-013.
Meij, D. van der. (2011). Kakawin Sutasoma and Kakawin Nāgara Krtāgama. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 167(2–3), 322–332. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003596.
Miller, W. G. (1980). An account of trade patterns in the Banda Sea in 1797, from an unpublished manuscript in the India office library. Indonesia Circle. School of Oriental & African Studies. Newsletter, 8(23), 41–57.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03062848008723804.
Mulyanto, D. (2019). Ethnoornithology: Identification of bird names mentioned in Kakawin Rāmāyana, a 9th-century javanese poem (Java, Indonesia). Biodiversitas, 20(11), 3213–3222. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d201114.
Munsi, U. S., & Burridge, S. (2011). Reading Dance, Performing Research: Meaning, Interpretation, Context, and Re-contextualization in Dance Performance and Research: Shrinkhla Sahai. Dalam Traversing Tradition. Routledge India.
Nastiti, T. S. (2015). 4. Miniature Stūpas and a Buddhist Sealing from Candi Gentong, Trowulan, Mojokerto, East Java. Dalam Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia (120–137). ISEAS Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814519076-006.
Olivieri, L., Mazzarelli, D., Bertoglio, B., De Angelis, D., Previderè, C., Grignani, P., Cappella, A., Presciuttini, S., Bertuglia, C., Di Simone, P., Polizzi, N., Iadicicco, A., Piscitelli, V., & Cattaneo, C. (2018). Challenges in the identification of dead migrants in the Mediterranean: The case study of the Lampedusa shipwreck of October 3rd 2013. Forensic Science International, 285, 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.01.029.
Pardesi, M. S. (2019). Mughal hegemony and the emergence of South Asia as a “region” for regional order-building. European Journal of International Relations, 25(1), 276–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066118761537.
Peacock, A., & Gallop, A. T. (Ed.). (2015). From Anatolia to Aceh: Ottomans, Turks, and Southeast Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Robson, S. O. (2012). Imagery of the Temple in Old Javanese poetry. Haendel (ed.), Old Myths and New Approaches: Interpreting Ancient Religious Sites in Southeast Asia. Melbourne: Monash University Publishing.
Salleh, M. H. (2011). Sailing the Archipelago in a boat of rhymes Pantun in the Malay world. Wacana, 13(1), 78–104. https://doi.org/10.17510/wjhi.v13i1.10.
Soemargono, F. (1976). P.J. Zoetmulder, “Kalangwan”, a survey of old Javanese literature. Archipel, 11(1), 227-229.
Sukkham, A., Muhamad, A., & Pereira, C. (2021). Ceramic Assemblages from Shipwrecks in Southeast Asia from the Last Half of the Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 16(3), 277–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-021-09301-4.
Susilowati, E., Sulistiyono, S. T., & Rochwulaningsih, Y. (2018). Coastal Civilization and Maritime Diplomacy in Premodern Southeast Asia. International Journal of Maritime History, 30(4), 649–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0843871418804494.
Teeuw, A., & Robson, S. O. (2005a). Bhomāntaka; The death of Bhoma (1st ed.). KITLV Press. https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/bhomantaka-the-death-ofbhoma.
Teeuw, A., & Robson, S. O. (2005b). Bhomāntaka: Text and Translation. Bhomantaka, 69–599. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004486751_004.
Thompson, C. (2014). Shipwreck in Art and Literature: Images and Interpretations from Antiquity to the Present Day. London: Routledge.
van Bruinessen, M. (2017). From Anatolia to Aceh: Ottomans, Turks, and Southeast Asia Edited by A. C. S. Peacock and Annabel Teh Gallop. Journal of Islamic Studies, 28(2), 251–254. https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/etw018.
van der Molen, W., Robson, Stuart, & Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV). (2016). The Kakawin Ghaṭotkacāśraya by Mpu Panuluh. Edited and translated. Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/en/publications/4282fb9a-29bb-4b73-9096-ed859e84fd5a.
Wahab, M. H. A., & Bahauddin, A. (2018). “Merantau”: Agents of Developments of Malay Heritages Built Environment. Dalam R. Anwar, M. Mahamood, D. H. Md. Zain, M.
K. Abd Aziz, O. H. Hassan, & S. Z. Abidin (Ed.), Proceedings of the Art and Design International Conference (AnDIC 2016) (163–171). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0487-3_19.
Wormser, P. (2009). Un modèle moghol à Aceh au XVIIe siècle? Archipel, 77(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.3406/arch.2009.4124.
Worsley, P. (2012). Journeys, Palaces and Landscapes in the Javanese Imaginary. Some Preliminary Comments Based on the Kakawin Sumanasāntaka. Archipel, 83(1), 147–171. https://doi.org/10.3406/arch.2012.4342.
Worsley, P., Supomo, S., Hunter, T., & Fletcher, M. (2013). Mpu Monaguṇa’s Sumanasāntaka: An Old Javanese Epic Poem, its Indian Source and Balinese Illustrations. BRILL.
Zoetmulder, P. J. (1974). Kalangwan: A survey of Old Javanese literature (Vol. 16). Martinus Nijhoff
Acri, A. (2015). 8. Revisiting the Cult of “Śiva-Buddha” in Java and Bali. Dalam Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia (261–282). ISEAS Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814519076-010.
Ahmat, S. (1965). Some Problems of the Rhode Island Traders in Java, 1799–1836. Journal of Southeast Asian History, 6(1), 94–107. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0217781100002507.
Andaya, L. Y. (1993). Looking in Odd Mirrors: The Java Sea. Edited by V. J. H. Houben, H. M. J. Maier, and W. van der Molen. Leiden: Vakgroup Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië, 1992. The Journal of Asian Studies, 52(3), 780–781. https://doi.org/10.2307/2058925.
Braginsky, V. (2004). The Heritage of Traditional Malay Literature: A Historical Survey of Genres, Writings and Literary Views. KITLV.
Braginsky, V. (2006). Meaning of the Sound: Magic and Sufi Mysticism in the Phonic Structure of the Malay Charm and Chant. Indonesia and the Malay World, 34(100), 281–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639810601130168.
Braginsky, V. (2008). Structure, date and sources of Hikayat Aceh revisited: The problem of Mughal-Malay literary ties. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 162(4), 441–467. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003662.
Budianta, E. (1991). Poetry heading: An Indonesian perspective. Indonesia Circle. School of Oriental & African Studies. Newsletter, 19(54), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/03062849108729753.
Creese, H. (2001). Old Javanese Studies: A Review of the Field. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 157(1), 3–33.
Creese, H. (2011). Rāmāyaṇa Traditions in Bali. Dalam H. Creese, A. Acri, & A. Griffiths (Ed.), From Lanka Eastwards (93–118). Brill. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76w8d.9.
Creese, H. (2015). Women of the Kakawin World: Marriage and Sexuality in the Indic Courts of Java and Bali. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315698083.
de Casparis, J. G. (1988). Where was Pu Sindok’s capital situated. Studies in South and Southeast Asian Archaeology. Leiden, 39–52.
Ellen, R. (2019). Pottery production and trade in the Banda zone, Indonesia. Indonesia and the Malay World, 47(138), 133–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2019.1582862.
Evers, H.-D. (1988). Traditional Trading Networks of Southeast Asia. Archipel, 35(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.3406/arch.1988.2418.
Feener, R. M., Daly, P., & Reed, A. (2011). Mapping the Acehnese Past. BRILL.
Hall, K. (2006). Multi-Dimensional Networking: Fifteenth-Century Indian Ocean Maritime
Diaspora in Southeast Asian Perspective. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 49(4), 454–481.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156852006779048426.
Heidhues, M. S. (t.t.). The ‘Renaissance’of Sino-Malay Literature (2. ed). regiospectra.
Hoogervorst, T., & Jákl, J. (2020). The Rise of the Chef in Java. Global Food History, 6(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/20549547.2019.1707017.
Houben, V. J. H. (1992). Looking in Odd Mirrors: The Java Sea (Vol. 5). Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië, Rijksuniversiteit.
Hung, H., Nguyen, K. D., Bellwood, P., & Carson, M. T. (2013). Coastal Connectivity: Long-Term Trading Networks Across the South China Sea. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 8(3), 384–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2013.781085.
Jákl, J. (2016a). The Folding Book Format (Concertina) in Pre-Islamic Java: Revisiting the Old Javanese Term ləpihan. Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient, 102, 165–194.
Jákl, J. (2016b). The Iiterary motif of head-taking in Old Javanese court poems (kakavin): Cěṅěl and varagaṅ terms revisited. Indonesia and the Malay World, 44(129), 165– 187. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2015.1133140.
Jákl, J. (2016c). The Loincloth, Trousers, and Horse-riders in Pre-Islamic Java: Notes on the Old Javanese Term Lañciṅan. Archipel. Études Interdisciplinaires Sur Le Monde Insulindien, 91, 185–202. https://doi.org/10.4000/archipel.312.
Jakl, J. (2017). Stuart Robson, The Kakawin Ghaṭotkacāśraya by Mpu Panuluh, Tokyo, Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (Javanese Studies: Contributions to the Study of Javanese Literature, Culture and History, vol. 3), 2016. Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême Orient, 103(1), 530–536.
Jákl, J. (2019). The Figure of the Taṇḍa in Old Javanese Literary and Epigraphical Records. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 175(2–3), 309–339. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17502002.
Khakam, G. A., & Tedjowasono, N. S. (2017). A toponymy based study on waterway trade in the ancient Mataram era (9th–11th century AD). Dalam Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World (673–680). Routledge.
Khan, S. B. A. L. (2016). Aceh-India Commercial and Literary Relations in the Seventeenth Century. Dalam The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India. Routledge.
Kudo, Y. (2018). Dutch Bank Transactions with Chinese Traders in the Dutch East Indies: The Java Sugar Trade and the 1917 Sugar Crisis. Dalam T. Shiroyama (Ed.), Modern Global Trade and the Asian Regional Economy (3–31). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0375-3_1.
Levin, C. (2011). The Grand Finale: The Uttarakāṇḍa of the Loro Jonggrang Temple Complex. From Lanka Eastwards, 149–177. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004253766_009.
MacLeod, I. D. (2020). In Situ Preservation of Shipwreck Artifacts. Dalam C. Smith (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology (5594–5610). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_585.
Manguin, P.-Y. (1996). Southeast Asian shipping in the Indian Ocean during the 1st
millennium AD. National Institute of Science, Technology & Development Studies
(NISTADS), 181.
Manguin, P.-Y. (2018). 8. The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries). Dalam Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief (197–213). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501732171-013.
Meij, D. van der. (2011). Kakawin Sutasoma and Kakawin Nāgara Krtāgama. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 167(2–3), 322–332. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003596.
Miller, W. G. (1980). An account of trade patterns in the Banda Sea in 1797, from an unpublished manuscript in the India office library. Indonesia Circle. School of Oriental & African Studies. Newsletter, 8(23), 41–57.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03062848008723804.
Mulyanto, D. (2019). Ethnoornithology: Identification of bird names mentioned in Kakawin Rāmāyana, a 9th-century javanese poem (Java, Indonesia). Biodiversitas, 20(11), 3213–3222. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d201114.
Munsi, U. S., & Burridge, S. (2011). Reading Dance, Performing Research: Meaning, Interpretation, Context, and Re-contextualization in Dance Performance and Research: Shrinkhla Sahai. Dalam Traversing Tradition. Routledge India.
Nastiti, T. S. (2015). 4. Miniature Stūpas and a Buddhist Sealing from Candi Gentong, Trowulan, Mojokerto, East Java. Dalam Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia (120–137). ISEAS Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814519076-006.
Olivieri, L., Mazzarelli, D., Bertoglio, B., De Angelis, D., Previderè, C., Grignani, P., Cappella, A., Presciuttini, S., Bertuglia, C., Di Simone, P., Polizzi, N., Iadicicco, A., Piscitelli, V., & Cattaneo, C. (2018). Challenges in the identification of dead migrants in the Mediterranean: The case study of the Lampedusa shipwreck of October 3rd 2013. Forensic Science International, 285, 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.01.029.
Pardesi, M. S. (2019). Mughal hegemony and the emergence of South Asia as a “region” for regional order-building. European Journal of International Relations, 25(1), 276–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066118761537.
Peacock, A., & Gallop, A. T. (Ed.). (2015). From Anatolia to Aceh: Ottomans, Turks, and Southeast Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Robson, S. O. (2012). Imagery of the Temple in Old Javanese poetry. Haendel (ed.), Old Myths and New Approaches: Interpreting Ancient Religious Sites in Southeast Asia. Melbourne: Monash University Publishing.
Salleh, M. H. (2011). Sailing the Archipelago in a boat of rhymes Pantun in the Malay world. Wacana, 13(1), 78–104. https://doi.org/10.17510/wjhi.v13i1.10.
Soemargono, F. (1976). P.J. Zoetmulder, “Kalangwan”, a survey of old Javanese literature. Archipel, 11(1), 227-229.
Sukkham, A., Muhamad, A., & Pereira, C. (2021). Ceramic Assemblages from Shipwrecks in Southeast Asia from the Last Half of the Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 16(3), 277–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-021-09301-4.
Susilowati, E., Sulistiyono, S. T., & Rochwulaningsih, Y. (2018). Coastal Civilization and Maritime Diplomacy in Premodern Southeast Asia. International Journal of Maritime History, 30(4), 649–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0843871418804494.
Teeuw, A., & Robson, S. O. (2005a). Bhomāntaka; The death of Bhoma (1st ed.). KITLV Press. https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/bhomantaka-the-death-ofbhoma.
Teeuw, A., & Robson, S. O. (2005b). Bhomāntaka: Text and Translation. Bhomantaka, 69–599. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004486751_004.
Thompson, C. (2014). Shipwreck in Art and Literature: Images and Interpretations from Antiquity to the Present Day. London: Routledge.
van Bruinessen, M. (2017). From Anatolia to Aceh: Ottomans, Turks, and Southeast Asia Edited by A. C. S. Peacock and Annabel Teh Gallop. Journal of Islamic Studies, 28(2), 251–254. https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/etw018.
van der Molen, W., Robson, Stuart, & Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV). (2016). The Kakawin Ghaṭotkacāśraya by Mpu Panuluh. Edited and translated. Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/en/publications/4282fb9a-29bb-4b73-9096-ed859e84fd5a.
Wahab, M. H. A., & Bahauddin, A. (2018). “Merantau”: Agents of Developments of Malay Heritages Built Environment. Dalam R. Anwar, M. Mahamood, D. H. Md. Zain, M.
K. Abd Aziz, O. H. Hassan, & S. Z. Abidin (Ed.), Proceedings of the Art and Design International Conference (AnDIC 2016) (163–171). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0487-3_19.
Wormser, P. (2009). Un modèle moghol à Aceh au XVIIe siècle? Archipel, 77(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.3406/arch.2009.4124.
Worsley, P. (2012). Journeys, Palaces and Landscapes in the Javanese Imaginary. Some Preliminary Comments Based on the Kakawin Sumanasāntaka. Archipel, 83(1), 147–171. https://doi.org/10.3406/arch.2012.4342.
Worsley, P., Supomo, S., Hunter, T., & Fletcher, M. (2013). Mpu Monaguṇa’s Sumanasāntaka: An Old Javanese Epic Poem, its Indian Source and Balinese Illustrations. BRILL.
Zoetmulder, P. J. (1974). Kalangwan: A survey of Old Javanese literature (Vol. 16). Martinus Nijhoff
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2022-02-28
How to Cite
Raya, M. K. F. (2022). Imajinasi Kemaritiman dalam Sastra Jawa Kuno Pra-Islam: Eksplorasi Bait Puisi Kakawin Sumanasāntaka, Bhomāntaka, dan Ghaṭotkacāśraya. Arif: Jurnal Sastra Dan Kearifan Lokal, 1(2), 318–333. https://doi.org/10.21009/Arif.012.09
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