Pendekatan Strukturalisme dan Praktik Triangulasi di dalam Penelitian Sastra

Authors

  • Dipa Nugraha Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21009/Arif.031.04

Keywords:

hermeneutik, kajian sastra, positivistik, strukturalisme, triangulasi

Abstract

Berdasarkan penelusuran, beberapa akademisi sastra Indonesia terdapati telah tidak tepat di dalam menerapkan pendekatan strukturalisme di dalam penelitian sastra. Akademisi sastra Indonesia lainnya ditemukan telah menggunakan istilah triangulasi di dalam penelitian mereka dengan keliru. Artikel ini adalah artikel kajian pustaka sistematis. Pustaka yang relevan dengan topik pendekatan strukturalisme dan triangulasi disarikan dan diletakkan di dalam konteks penelitian sastra. Artikel ini memberikan kesimpulan bahwa ketidaktepatan penerapan pendekatan strukturalisme terjadi pada penghentian langkah pengkajian hanya pada tahapan awal dari pendekatan strukturalisme, yaitu identifikasi unsur-unsur pembangun karya sastra, tanpa kelanjutan pada tahap pengulasan mendalam dan tindak analisis hubungan antarunsur. Adapun kekeliruan pemahaman atas dan ketidaktepatan penggunaan istilah triangulasi di dalam penelitian sastra di Indonesia bisa diatasi dengan pembacaan cermat atas buku rujukan utama dari penggunaan triangulasi yang sebenarnya berlaku di dalam penelitian sosial dengan judul The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods karya Norman Denzin.

References

Abbou, J. (1977). Literature and Ideology: problems. Revue Française d’études Américaines, Avril 77(3), 73–78.
Adam, A. (2015). Karakter tokoh dalam novel Kau, Aku dan Sepucuk Angpau Merah karya Tere Liye. Jurnal Humanika, 3(15), 1–17.
Aidinlou, N. A., Dehghan, H. N., dan Khorsand, M. (2014). Ideology, change dan power in literature and society: A critical discourse analysis of literary translations. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 3(6), 260–271.
Anggraini, R. Y., Ilhamdan, D., Sarpika, F., Erlangga, R., dan Sahviya. (2022). Perencanaan Kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam. Khatulistiwa: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Sosial Humaniora, 2(4), 1–8. doi:10.55606/khatulistiwa.v2i4.694
Aspers, P., dan Corte, U. (2019). What is qualitative in qualitative research. Qualitative Sociology, 42, 139–160.
Aston, R. (2017). A culture of text: The canon and the common core. Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 32(2), 39–52.
Astuti, R. E., Mujiyanto, Y., dan Rohmadi, M. (2017). Analisis Psikologi Sastra dan Nilai Pendidikan dalam Novel Entrok Karya Okky Madasari serta Relevansinya sebagai Materi Pembelajaran Sastra di Sekolah Menengah Atas. BASASTRA, 4(2), 175–187.
Bauer, M. W., Süerdem, A. K., dan Bicquelet, A. (2014). Text analysis—An introductory manifesto. In M. W. Bauer, A. Bicquelet, dan A. K. Süerdem (Eds.), Textual analysis (pp. xxi–xlvii). London: Sage.
Baumeister, R. F., dan Leary, M. R. (1997). Writing narrative literature reviews. Review of General Psychology, 1(3), 311–320.
Beach, R., Enciso, P., Harste, J., Jenkins, C., Raina, S. A., Rogers, R., … Yenika-Agbaw, V. (2009). Exploring the “critical” in critical content analysis of children’s literature. In K. M. Leander (Ed.), 58th yearbook of the National Reading Conference (hlm. 129–143). Oak Creek, WI: National Reading Conference Inc.
Bechara, J., dan Van de Ven, A. H. (2011). Triangulating philosophies of science to understand complex organizational and managerial problems. In Philosophy and Organization Theory (hlm. 343–364). Wagon Lane, Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Belcher, W. L. (2019). Writing your journal article in twelve weeks: A guide to academic publishing success–Second edition. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Belsey, C. (2013). Textual Analysis as a Research Method. In Research Methods for English Studies (hlm. 160–178). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Boelhower, W. Q. (1980). Introduction. In Essays on Method in the Sociology of Literature (hlm. 5–34). St. Louis, MO: Telos Press.
Buchbinder, D. (1991). Contemporary Literary Theory and the Reading of Poetry. South Melbourne: The Macmillan Company of Australia PTY Ltd.
Campbell, R., Goodman-Williams, R., Feeney, H., dan Fehler-Cabral, G. (2020). Assessing triangulation across methodologies, methods, and stakeholder groups: The joys, woes, and politics of interpreting convergent and divergent data. American Journal of Evaluation, 41(1), 125–144.
Chandler, D. (2022). Semiotics: the basics. London dan New York: Routledge.
Childress, C. C., dan Friedkin, N. E. (2012). Cultural reception and production: The social construction of meaning in book clubs. American Sociological Review, 77(1), 45–68.
Creswell, J. W., dan Miller, D. L. (2000). Getting good qualitative data to improve educational practice. Theory into Practice, 39(3), 124–130.
Damono, S. D. (1978). Sosiologi sastra: Sebuah pengantar ringkas. (S. Effendi, Ed.). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Decrop, A. (1999). Triangulation in qualitative tourism research. Tourism Management, 20(1), 157–161.
Denzin, N. K. (1978). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods–Second Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Denzin, N. K., dan Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). The Sage handbook of qualitative research–Third edition. Thousand Oaks, London, dan New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Efendi, A. (2012). Realitas profetik dalam novel ketika cinta bertasbih karya Habiburrahman El-Shirazy. LITERA, 11(1), 72–82.
Elisa, S. (2021). Analisis Aspek Struktural dan Nonstruktural dalam Novel Sang Pemimpi Karya Andrea Hirata. Diskursus: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia, 4(3), 219–227.
Even-Zohar, I. (1990). Polysystem theory. Poetics Today, 11(1), 9–26.
Fusch, P., Fusch, G. E., dan Ness, L. R. (2018). Denzin’s paradigm shift: Revisiting triangulation in qualitative research. Journal of Social Change, 10(1), 19–32.
Goldmann, L. (1980). Essays on Method in the Sociology of Literature. St. Louis, MO: Telos Press.
Goldmann, L., dan Sheridan, A. (1975). Towards a Sociology of the Novel. London: Tavistock Publications.
Goss, H. R., Shearer, C., Knowles, Z. R., Boddy, L. M., Durden-Myers, E. J., dan Foweather, L. (2022). Stakeholder perceptions of physical literacy assessment in primary school children. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 27(5), 515–530.
Grinitha, V. (2015). Nilai-Nilai Moral dalam Novel Habiburrahman El Shirazy (Tinjauan Struktural Genetik). BAHTERA: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, 14(2), 202–217.
Guion, L. A., Diehl, D. C., dan McDonald, D. (2011). Triangulation: establishing the validity of qualitative studies. Edis, FCS6014/FY(8), 1–3.
Hadi, S. (2016). Pemeriksaan Keabsahan data penelitian kualitatif pada skripsi. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 22(1), 74–79.
Hammersley, M. (2008). Troubles with Triangulation. In M. M. Bergman (Ed.), Advances in Mixed Methods Research: Theories and Applications (hlm. 22–36). Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore: SAGE Publications.
Hanson-DeFusco, J. (2023). What data counts in policymaking and programming evaluation – Relevant data sources for triangulation according to main epistemologies and philosophies within social science. Evaluation and Program Planning, 97(102238), 1–10.
Hawkes, T. (2003). Structuralism and Semiotics. London and New York: Routledge.
Heale, R., dan Forbes, D. (2013). Understanding triangulation in research. Evidence-Based Nursing, 16(4), 98.
Hirsch, E. D. (1967). Validity in Interpretation. New Haven dan London: Yale University Press.
Hołda, M. (2020). The (Self) portrait of a Writer: A Hermeneutic Reading of Virginia Woolf’s (Auto) biographical Writings. Analyses/Rerearings/Theories (A/R/T) Journal, 6(1), 52–66.
Jasso-Aguilar, R. (1999). Sources, Methods and Triangulation in Needs Analysis: a Critical Perspective in a Case Study of Waikiki Hotel Maids. English for Specific Purposes, 18(1), 27–46.
Jick, T. D. (1979). Administrative Science Quarterly. Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Triangulation in Action.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 602–611.
Kalaga, T. (2015). Literary hermeneutics: From methodology to ontology. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Karnanta, K. Y. (2017). Hierarki Sastra Populer dalam Arena Sastra Indonesia Kontemporer. Jentera: Jurnal Kajian Sastra, 4(1), 1–11.
Kasiyan. (2015). Kesalahan Implementasi Teknik Triangulasi Pada Uji Validitas Data Skripsi Mahasiswa Jurusan Pendidikan Seni Rupa FBS UNY. Imaji, 13(1), 1–13.
Kayati, N. (2017). Nilai Kepahlawanan dalam Novel Hanoman Karya Pitoyo Amrih Pendekatan Sosiologi Sastra dan Implementasinya Sebagai Bahan Ajar Sastra di SD. Stilistika: Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pembelajarannya, 3(2), 49–58.
Kern, F. G. (2018). The trials and tribulations of applied triangulation: Weighing different data sources. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 12(2), 166–181.
Kikuchi, K. (2004). Triangulating perceptions of learners’ needs: An alternate way of conducting needs analysis. In The Interface Between Interlanguage, Pragmatics and Assessment: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual JALT Pan-SIG Conference (pp. 33–37). Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo Keizai University.
Kirchhofer, A., dan Auguscik, A. (2017). Triangulating the Two Cultures Entanglement: The Sciences and the Humanities in the Public Sphere. Journal of Literature and Science, 10(2), 26–37.
Kurniasih, R. M., dan Setiana, L. N. (2022). Kritik Sastra Novel Dance of the Butterfly Karya Ratu Kristina melalui Pendekatan Psikologi Sastra. Ilmu Budaya: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni Dan Budaya, 6(2), 589–606.
Lastari, A. (2017). Pandangan dunia pengarang dalam kumpulan puisi Blues untuk Bonnie karya Rendra (Kajian Strukturalisme Genetik). Aksis: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia, 1(1), 63–79.
Laurenson, D. T., dan Swingewood, A. (1972). The Sociology of Literature. New York: Schocken Books.
Lazar, G. (2009). Literature and language teaching: A guide for teachers and trainers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Leone, M. (2014). Converting Knights: A Semiotic Reading of Spiritual Change in Four Italian Chivalric Poems. Signs and Society, 2(1), 84–126.
Lubis, F. (2014). Kajian Stuktural Cerpen Kembang Mayang Karya Titie Said. Jurnal Bahas, 40(90), 46–57.
Madison, G. B. (1988). A critique of Hirsch’s Validity. In The hermeneutics of postmodernity: Figures and themes (pp. 3–24). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Maingueneau, D. (2010). Literature and discourse analysis. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia, 42(sup1), 147–158.
Masyhuda, H. M. (2019). Representasi Ajaran Islam dalam Novel I’am Sarahza Arya Hanum Salsabiela dan Rangga Almahendra serta Relevansinya dengan Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di Madrasah Aliyah. Surakarta: Fakultas Adab dan Bahasa, IAIN Surakarta.
Mathison, S. (1988). Why Triangulate? Educational Researcher, 17(2), 13–17.
Mauer, B., dan Venecek, J. (2022). Strategies for Conducting Literary Research, 2e. Orlando: University of Central Florida Pressbooks.
Maulana, N. T., Suryanto, E., dan Andayani, A. (2018). Analisis Struktural dan Nilai Pendidikan Cerita Rakyat Serta Relevansinya Sebagai Bahan Ajar Bahasa Indonesia di SMP. Jurnal Gramatika: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, 4(1), 139–149.
Mayr, W. B., Foo, T. C. V., dan Mohamad, A. (2015). Target Situation Analysis in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in Malaysia-Based Multi-National Enterprises: the Case of German. Target, 7(2), 94–132.
Mayrl, W. W. (1978). Genetic structuralism and the analysis of social consciousness. Theory and Society, 5(1), 19–44.
McKee, A. (2003). Textual analysis: A beginner’s guide. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage.
Moazam, I., dan Jodai, H. (2014). Textbook evaluation: a reflection on total English (intermediate). Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(11), 2402–2409.
Moody, H. L. B. (1979). The Teaching of Literature with Special Reference to Developing Countries. London: Longman.
Morçöl, G. (2012). A complexity theory for public policy. New York dan London: Routledge.
Natow, R. S. (2019). The use of triangulation in qualitative studies employing elite interviews. Qualitative Research, 20(2), 160–173.
Noble, H., dan Heale, R. (2019). Triangulation in research, with examples. Evidence Based Nursing, 22(3), 67–68.
Nugraha, D. (2020). Moralitas, Keberterimaan, Pendidikan Karakter, HOTS, dan Kelayakan Bahan dalam Pembelajaran Sastra. JP-BSI (Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia), 5(2), 76–82.
Nugraha, D. (2023). Pembelajaran Puisi Selaras Abad 21. Jurnal Pendidikan Edutama, 10(2), 169–194.
Nugraha, D., dan Suyitno. (2022). Kritik dan Penelitian Sastra Edisi Kedua. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press.
Nurcahyo, R. (2007). Hermeneutical Problems in Literary Criticism. Jurnal Sastra dan Bahasa, 4(2), 163–176.
Nurhasanah, D. (2015). Strukturalisme genetik Lucien Goldmann dalam novel Orang-orang Proyek karya Ahmad Tohari. Humaniora, 6(1), 135–146.
Osowski, J. (1972). The Structuralist Concept of Form: Roland Barthes, George Poulet and J. Hillis Miller. The Modern Schoolman, 49(4), 349–355.
Pettit, P. (1975). The Concept of Structuralism: A Critical Analysis. Berkeley dan Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Piaget, J. (1970). Structuralism. (C. Maschler, Ed.). New York: Basic Books, Inc.
Pitre, N. Y., dan Kushner, K. E. (2015). Theoretical Triangulation as an Extension of Feminist Intersectionality in Qualitative Family Research. Journal of Family Theory dan Review, 7(3), 284–298.
Pradnyana, I. W. G., Artawan, G., dan Sutama, I. M. (2019). Psikologi Tokoh dalam Novel Suti Karya Sapardi Djoko Damono: Analisis Psikologi Sastra. Jurnal Imiah Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 3(3), 339–347.
Prakoso, A. D. (2013). Kritik Sosial dalam Novel Detik-Detik Cinta Menyentuh Karya Ali Shahab Sebuah Tinjauan Sosiologi Teks. Suluk Indo, 2(1), 16–31.
Praptiwi, R. (2014). Kritik Sosial dalam Novel Surga Retak Karya Syahmedi Dean: Tinjauan Sosiologi Sastra dan Relevansinya sebagai Bahan Ajar Sastra Indonesia di SMA. Surakarta: FKIP, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Prihandana, A. D. T. (2014). Analisis Strukturalisme dalam Cerita Pendek “die Postkarte” karya Heinrich Böll. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.
Purbani, W. (2010). Metode Penelitian Sastra. Pelatihan Metode Penelitian Sastra Di FISIP Universitas Soedirman. Purwokerto: FISIP Universitas Soedirman.
Purwanto, A. (2022). Pengembangan Kurikulum Jaringan Sekolah Islam Terpadu (JSIT) di Sekolah Dasar Islam Terpadu. Jurnal Basicedu, 6(1), 335–342.
Putri, C. O. P. S., dan Arifin, Z. (2022). Novel Lost In The USA Karya Fathi Bawazier sebagai Media Pendidikan Karakter di SMA. JP-BSI (Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia), 7(1), 20–27.
Rahmah, Y. (2007). Dongeng Timun Emas (Indonesia) dan Dongeng Sanmai No Ofuda (Jepang)(Studi Komparatif Struktur Cerita dan Latar Budaya). Semarang: Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Diponegoro.
Rosewall, K. (2018). Close Reading and Critical Theory. Northern Michigan University.
Runciman, W. G. (1969). What is structuralism? The British Journal of Sociology, 20(3), 253–265.
Ryan, G. (2018). Introduction to positivism, interpretivism and critical theory. Nurse Researcher, 25(4), 41–49.
Saddhono, K., Waluyo, H. J., dan Raharjo, Y. M. (2017). Kajian Sosiologi Sastra dan Pendidikan Karakter dalam Novel Nun Pada Sebuah Cermin Karya Afifah Afra serta Relevansinya dengan Materi Ajar di SMA. JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia), 6(1), 16–27.
Samaran, P. D., Amrizal, A., dan Lubis, B. (2018). Analisis Struktural Novel O Karya Eka Kurniawan. Jurnal Ilmiah KORPUS, 2(3), 310–316.
Sapdiani, R., Maesaroh, I., Pirmansyah, P., dan Firmansyah, D. (2018). Analisis struktural dan nilai moral dalam cerpen “kembang gunung kapur” karya Hasta Indriyana. Parole (Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia), 1(2), 101–114.
Satitik, R. A. (2020). Striving for Superiority Tokoh Mahanani Pamalarsih dalam Naskah Monolog Cariyosipun Sindhen Mahanani Pamalarsih Karya Trisno Santoso (Tinjauan Psikologi Sastra). Surakarta: Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Jurusan Sastra Daerah, UNS (Sebelas Maret University).
Scholes, R. (1976). Structuralism in literature: An introduction. New Haven dan London: Yale University Press.
Schröter, J., Du, K., Dudar, J., Rok, C., dan Schöch, C. (2021). From Keyness to Distinctiveness–Triangulation and Evaluation in Computational Literary Studies. Journal of Literary Theory, 15(1–2), 81–108.
Short, M. (1990). Discourse Analysis in Stylistics and Literature Instruction. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 11, 181–195.
Signori, L. F. (2013). The (w) hole in the text: a hermeneutic reading of Marguerite Duras’s ‘La Pluie D’ete’. Romance Notes, 53(1), 3–10.
Sládek, O. (2016). Mukaøovský’s Structuralism and Semiotics. Estetika: The European Journal of Aesthetics, 53(2), 184–199.
Smith, B. H. (2016). What Was" Close Reading"?: A Century of Method in Literary Studies. Minnesota Review, 87(1), 57–75.
Smithson, I. (1975). Structuralism as a method of literary criticism. College English, 37(2), 145–159.
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Stahl, N. A., dan King, J. R. (2020). Expanding approaches for research: Understanding and using trustworthiness in qualitative research. Journal of Developmental Education, 44(1), 26–28.
Stanton, R. (1965). An Introduction to Fiction. New York: Holt Rinehart dan Winston.
Sukarto, K. A. (2017). Pendekatan Strukturalisme dalam Penelitian Sastra, Bahasa, dan Budaya. Pujangga: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra, 3(2), 48–59.
Suwarno, A. K. D. (2012). Analisis Struktural pada Novel Sirah! Karya AY Suharyono dan Pembelajarannya di SMA. Purworejo: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Jawa, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purworejo.
Teeuw, A. (1983). Membaca dan Menilai Sastra. Jakarta: Gramedia.
Teeuw, A. (1984). Sastra dan Ilmu Sastra: Pengantar Teori Sastra. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.
Thurmond, V. A. (2001). The point of triangulation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(3), 253–258.
Tolliver, J. (1990). Discourse Analysis and the Interpretation of Literary Narrative. Style, 24(2), 266–283.
Torrance, H. (2012). Triangulation, respondent validation, and democratic participation in mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6(2), 111–123.
Turner, P., dan Turner, S. (2009). Triangulation in practice. Virtual Reality, 13, 171–181.
Valencia, M. M. A. (2022). Principles, Scope, and Limitations of the Methodological Triangulation. Investigación y Educación En Enfermería, 40(2), 1–14.
van Drie, J., dan Dekker, R. (2013). Theoretical triangulation as an approach for revealing the complexity of a classroom discussion. British Educational Research Journal, 39(2), 338–360.
Veltruský, J. (1980). Jan Mukařovský’s Structural Poetics and Esthetics. Poetics Today, 2(1), 117–157.
Viktorovna, B. S., dan Viktorovna, S. E. (2020). Needs analysis in course design: Converging learners’, instructors’ and developers’ voices. Porta Linguarum: Revista Internacional de Didáctica de Las Lenguas Extranjeras, (33), 145–162.
Vogl, S., Schmidt, E.-M., dan Zartler, U. (2019). Triangulating perspectives: ontology and epistemology in the analysis of qualitative multiple perspective interviews. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 22(6), 611–624.
Von Borries, B. (2019). The experience of and reflection on triangulation and/or mixed methods, discussing a study on the ideal and reality, use and understanding of history textbooks. History Education Research Journal, 16(1), 103–111.
Wee, B. Van, dan Banister, D. (2016). How to write a literature review paper? Transport Reviews, 36(2), 278–288.
Wellek, R., dan Warren, A. (1949). Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt, Brace dan World.
Wirawan, G. (2017). Analisis Struktural Antologi Puisi Hujan Lolos di Sela Jari Karya Yudhiswara. JP-BSI (Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia), 1(2), 39–44.
Wolfreys, J. (2016). Readings: Acts of close reading in literary theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Downloads

Published

2023-08-31

How to Cite

Nugraha, D. (2023). Pendekatan Strukturalisme dan Praktik Triangulasi di dalam Penelitian Sastra . Arif: Jurnal Sastra Dan Kearifan Lokal, 3(1), 58–87. https://doi.org/10.21009/Arif.031.04