Fire Society Journal is a scholarly peer-reviewed international scientific journal published every six month, focusing on theories, systems, methods, algorithms and applications in fire safety engineering and occupational health. It provides a high profile, leading edge forum for academic researchers, industrial professionals, engineers, consultants, managers, educators and policy makers working in the field to contribute and disseminate innovative. All papers will be blind reviewed and accepted papers will be published every six month, which is available online (open access) and in printed version.
Design of an IoT-Based Smoke Detector For Early Warning of Lithium-Ion 18650 Battery Explosion in Electric Vehicles
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used as the primary energy source in electric vehicles due to their high energy density and long service life; however, they present a risk of thermal runaway that can result in smoke, fire, or explosion when the battery management system fails to interrupt an overcharging process. This study aims to design and evaluate an Internet of Things (IoT)-based smoke detector prototype for providing early warning of lithium-ion 18650 battery failure caused by overcharging. An experimental method was employed using a prototype equipped with an MQ-7 gas sensor to detect carbon monoxide (CO) concentration, an Arduino Uno microcontroller for data processing, and a NodeMCU ESP8266 module for transmitting real-time notifications through the Blynk application, supported by an LCD display, LED indicators, and a buzzer alarm. The experiment was conducted by charging 18650 lithium-ion battery cells with a constant current of 3 A until an explosion occurred, using battery samples with initial states of charge (SOC) of 0% and 50%. The results indicate that the MQ-7 sensor successfully detected CO gas released during battery explosions, with concentrations ranging from 27.14 ppm to 131.55 ppm, while calibration against a CO meter showed an average error of 2.25%. Batteries with a 0% SOC produced higher CO concentrations than those with a 50% SOC due to a longer overcharging duration before explosion. The study concludes that the developed prototype can function effectively as an early warning system to reduce fire risks associated with lithium-ion battery thermal runaway in electric vehicles.
Wireless Communication-Based Automatic Fire Alarm System: A Review
In recent years, the development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, big data, cloud computing, and other digital technologies has increased interest in wireless communication-based automatic fire alarm systems. Fire or smoke detection systems can be monitored locally on-site or remotely from distant locations according to user requirements. Remote alarm systems allow building owners or users to monitor conditions from a distance and take immediate action after receiving an emergency notification. Remote monitoring systems can be developed using various technologies, including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Ethernet, image processing, and other digital communication techniques. Although these systems generally offer reliable monitoring and communication, several concerns remain regarding system complexity, large configurations, high implementation costs, and excessive supporting components. Therefore, there is a need for fire alarm systems that are reliable, responsive, simple, easy to implement, and cost-effective. This review discusses the development of wireless communication-based automatic fire alarm systems, particularly the application of fire detection sensors, WSN communication, and remote notification systems. The reviewed studies indicate that wireless communication can support flexible fire monitoring, reduce dependence on conventional wiring, and enable automatic remote warning. However, further development is still required to improve system simplicity, communication performance, reliability, and implementation efficiency.
Hazard Identification and Control Recommendations In The Fire Safety Engineering Laboratory
The Fire Safety Engineering Laboratory involves the use of chemicals, flammable gases, machinery, and work activities that may present occupational safety, health, and environmental hazards. This observational study aimed to describe existing health, safety, and environmental conditions, identify visible hazards, and formulate control recommendations. It was conducted at the Fire Safety Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, using a descriptive observational design. Primary data were collected through direct observation, photographic documentation, and a checklist, while secondary data were drawn from relevant literature and regulations. Findings were classified by hazard type and mapped to the hierarchy of controls. Seven principal findings were identified: chemical storage without compatibility-based segregation; flammable gas stored near an ignition source; unsecured items on high racks; damaged roofing; floor openings or gaps; machine projections at head height; and a stooped sitting posture. Recommended measures include chemical segregation, separation of fuel and ignition sources, securing storage racks, structural repair, permanent closure of floor openings, machine repositioning or guarding, and ergonomic workstation adjustment. Engineering and administrative controls should be prioritized before reliance on personal protective equipment. Since implementation effectiveness was not assessed, follow-up inspection is required.
Analysis Correlation of Nurses' Level of Knowledge About Fire and Evacuation in Evacuation Decision Making for Fire Disasters in Inpatient Installations at Hospital X
ABSTRACT Hospitals are one of the buildings that have a risk of fire. The evacuation system in hospitals is different from the evacuation system in other public buildings because hospitals contain high-risk patients who must be evacuated. Nurses are one of the greatest resources in a hospital so they must have knowledge about fire and evacuation. Therefore this research aims to analyzing the relationship between the level of nurses knowledge about fire and evacuation on fire disaster evacuation decision making in inpatient installation at Hospital X. This study uses a quantitative method taken with a cross-sectional approach. The sample of this study was nurses in inpatients at Hospital X as many as 35 respondents taken by purposive sampling technique. Data analysis uses Pearson correlation test. Results: The level of knowledge is very high (45%), high (51%), and enough (6%). The evacuation decision making is very high (6%), high (43%), enough (34%), low (14%), and very low (3%). Correlation Pearson Test results obtained p-value = 0,004 (p <0.05) showed a relationship between the knowledge of nurses with the evacuation decision making.
The Effectiveness of Installation Evacuation Signs on the Success of the Rescue Process in the 3-Floor Elementary School Building
ABSTRACT Yasmin Madaniah, 2023, The Effectiveness of Installation Evacuation Signs on the Success of the Rescue Process in the 3-Floor Elementary School Building Schools must create an environment that is safe from disasters, one of which is safe from fire for their residents, especially elementary schools, where the majority are made up of children. The school which is the object of this research is one of the elementary schools in the Central Jakarta area which has a building height of up to three floors. With the height it has, the potential for other hazards to emerge in the evacuation process will be even higher because the shortest possible evacuation time is a way to reduce disaster victims. Therefore it is necessary to arrange proper evacuation guides. The research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of installing evacuation signs on multi-storey elementary school buildings. This type of descriptive qualitative research using a survey method was carried out by considering the characteristics of the children and the physical condition of the environment as well as information from related parties to solve the problem. The results of the study found that clear and orderly installation of evacuation signs in elementary schools can affect the success of the evacuation process in the event of an emergency. Having clear and regular evacuation signs makes it easier for students, teachers and staff to identify evacuation routes to follow in an emergency. Even though the environment is a familiar place because it is inhabited every day, installing these signs will speed up evacuation time and prevent confusion and panic. However, teachers and school staff are also the biggest influence in the success of an evacuation by guiding students to go to a safe place. Key Words: Evacuation, Elementary School, High-rise Building, Fire Route