Examining the Influence of ICT Penetration on Gender Disparities: A Data Panel Econometric Analysis of the Seven Southeast Asian Developing Countries
Keywords:
gender disparity, digitalisation, econometrics, southeast asiaAbstract
The aim of the study is to analyze to which Information and Communications Technology (ICT) penetration affects gender disparities in seven Southeast Asia’s developing countries. ICT indicators are measured through the individuals using the internet, mobile phone subscriptions, and internet subscriptions. Aside, the seven Southeast Asia’s developing countries include Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, and Vietnam. These countries are selected as they have comparable economic development stage from lower to upper-middle income economics on the basis 2022’s World Bank Country Income Classification. The data panel econometrics is carried out to measure the effect of the independent variables towards gender disparity. Gender disparity is represented by the Gender Inequality Index. The time series data is yearly from 2000 to 2022. The econometric assessment shows the individual internet ownership and subscription have a negative and significant effect to gender disparity. It means that more internet penetration can lower the gender disparity in those seven countries. The academic implication is to enhance economic consideration towards more internet penetration and access to reduce gender disparity. In the heart of policymaking, our research indicates more internet accessibility to reduce gender disparity. As in the common knowledge, the internet is a source of information and knowledge to society
References
References
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Aker, J. C., & Mbiti, I. M. (2010). Mobile phones and economic development in Africa. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(3), 207–232. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.3.207
Alvi, F., Gupta, S., Barooah, P., Ringler, C., Meinzen-Dick, R., Muzna Fatima Alvi, by, & Fatima Alvi, M. (2021). Hello, can you hear me? Impact of speaker phones on responses in phone surveys during COVID-19.
Amber, H., & Chichaibelu, B. B. (2023). Narrowing the gender digital divide in Pakistan: Mobile phone ownership and female labor force participation. Review of Development Economics, 27(3), 1354–1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12994
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Asongu, S., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2023). Enhancing ICT for female economic participation in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-11-2022-0443
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Bobbitt, Z. (2020, December 31). The Breusch-Pagan Test: Definition & Example. https://www.statology.org/breusch-pagan-test/
Briggs, E. (2022). Gen Z Is Extremely Online. Morning Consult. https://pro.morningconsult.com/instant-intel/gen-z-social-media-usage
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Chakravorti, B. (2017, December 12). There’s a Gender Gap in Internet Usage. Closing It Would Open Up Opportunities for Everyone. https://hbr.org/2017/12/theres-a-gender-gap-in-internet-usage-closing-it-would-open-up-opportunities-for-everyone
Chant, S., & Mcilwaine, C. (2016). Cities, slums and gender in the Global South: Towards a feminised urban future. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315862996
Economic Planning Unit. (2021). Twelfth Malaysia Plan 2021 - 2025.
European Institute for Gender Equality. (2024). gender disparities.
Frost, J. (2023). Control Variables: Definition, Uses & Examples. https://statisticsbyjim.com/basics/control-variables/
George, A. S., George, A. s, Baskar, D., & Shahul, A. (2023). Screens Steal Time: How Excessive Screen Use Impacts the Lives of Young People. 01, 157–177. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10250536
Goyal, P., Bhattacharya, S., & Gandhi, A. (2022). Grounded theory in management research: through the lens of gender-based pay disparity. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 19(1), 12–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-10-2020-0298
GSMA. (2024). GSMA – The Mobile Gender Gap Report 2024. www.gsmaintelligence.com
Habbal, A., Mkpojiogu, E. O. C., Cottrell, L., White, B., Hassan, S., & Zulhumadi, F. (2024). SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INDICES AND THEIR REFLECTION ON INTERNET PERFORMANCE IN ASEAN COUNTRIES. ASEAN Engineering Journal, 14(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.V14.18666
Hafkin, N. J., & Huyer, S. (2008). Women and Gender in ICT Statistics and Indicators for Development. Information Technologies and International Development, 4(2), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1162/itid.2008.00006
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Institute for Social Development Studies. (2016). Social Determinants of Gender Inequality in Vietnam. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14062.41288
International Telecommunication Union. (2023). Digital gender parity is still a distant prospect in regions with low Internet use. https://www.itu.int/itu-d/reports/statistics/2023/10/10/ff23-the-gender-digital-divide/
Investopedia. (2023). Variance Inflation Factor (VIF). https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/variance-inflation-factor.asp
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Ma, X. (2022). Internet use and gender wage gap: evidence from China. Journal for Labour Market Research, 56(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12651-022-00320-9
Martínez-Cantos, J.-L. (2022). Chapter 19: The gender gap in digital skills in cross-national perspective.
Maverick, J. B. (2023). Measuring Economic Conditions: GNI or GDP? https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/062315/gross-national-income-gni-or-gross-domestic-product-gdp-better-measure-economic-condition-country.asp#:~:text=GDP%20is%20concerned%20with%20the,from%20sources%20outside%20a%20country.
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Ministry of Investment, T. and I. (2023). New Industrial Master Plan 2030.
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Nathavong, P. (2023). ICT Development in Lao PDR.
National Economic and Development Authority. (2023). Philippine Development Plan 2023 - 2028.
National Economic and Social Development Council. (2023). The Thirteenth National Economic and Social Development Plan.
Nchofoung, T. N., & Asongu, S. A. (2022). ICT for sustainable development: Global comparative evidence of globalisation thresholds. Telecommunications Policy, 46(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102296
Nkoumou Ngoa, G. B., & Song, J. S. (2021). Female participation in African labor markets: The role of information and communication technologies. Telecommunications Policy, 45(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102174
Ocampo, Y. (2024). The Philippines Enhances Digitalisation Efforts in 2024. https://opengovasia.com/2024/01/08/the-philippines-enhances-digitalisation-efforts-in-2024/
OECD. (2013). “GDP per capita”, in National Accounts at a Glance 2013. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/na_glance-2013-5-en
OECD. (2018). Bridging the Digital Gender Divide.
Pandey, P., & Zheng, Y. (2019). Unpacking Empowerment in ICT4D Research. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 552, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19115-3_8
Paunan, J. C. (2023). National ICT Month 2023: Celebrating Technology’s Power to Change Lives. https://mirror.pia.gov.ph/features/2023/06/07/national-ict-month-2023-celebrating-technologys-power-to-change-lives#:~:text=In%20the%20Philippines%2C%20June%20is,influence%20on%20our%20daily%20lives.
Pick, J., & Azari, R. (2008). Global digital divide: Influence of socioeconomic, governmental, and accessibility factors on information technology. Information Technology for Development, 14, 91–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/itdj.20095
PwC. (2023). The “motherhood penalty” is widening the pay gap. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/c-suite-insights/the-leadership-agenda/the-motherhood-penalty-is-widening-the-pay-gap.html
Rajkhowa, P., & Qaim, M. (2022). Mobile phones, women’s physical mobility, and contraceptive use in India. Social Science & Medicine, 305, 115074. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115074
Royal Government of Cambodia. (2019). National Strategic Development Plan 2019 - 2023.
Saffa, A. (2024, June 6). Thailand Spurring Digital Inclusion and Growth. https://opengovasia.com/2024/06/06/thailand-spurring-digital-inclusion-and-growth/
Said-Foqahaa, N., & Maziad, M. (2011). Arab women: Duality of deprivation in decision-making under patriarchal authority. Hawwa, 9(1–2), 234–272. https://doi.org/10.1163/156920811X578539
Sela, A., Rozenboim, N., & Ben-Gal, H. C. (2022). Smartphone use behavior and quality of life: What is the role of awareness? PLoS ONE, 17(3 March). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260637
Seow, J. (2024). S’pore women earn 14.3% less than men; gap narrowed over last five years: MOM data. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/business/s-pore-women-earn-143-less-than-men-gap-narrowed-over-last-five-years-mom-data
Sey, A., & Hafkin, N. (2019). REPORT OF EQUALS RESEARCH GROUP, LED BY THE UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY. In Taking Stock: Data and Evidence on Gender Digital Equality PART ONE.
Shah, C. S., & Krishnan, S. (2024). ICT, Gender Inequality, and Income Inequality: A Panel Data Analysis Across Countries. Information Systems Frontiers, 26(2), 709–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-023-10396-4
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Statista. (2024b). Internet penetration in Southeast Asia as of July 2022, by country. https://www.statista.com/statistics/487965/internet-penetration-in-southeast-asian-countries/
Statista. (2024c). Internet penetration rate worldwide 2024, by region. https://www.statista.com/statistics/269329/penetration-rate-of-the-internet-by-region/
Telin. (2023). The Digital Gold Rush: Southeast Asia’s Explosive Growth Ignites Opportunity! . https://www.telin.net/en/insight/article/the-digital-gold-rush-southeast-asias-explosive-growth-ignites-opportunity
Ullah, A. K. M. A., & Ming Yit Ho, H. (2021). Globalisation and Cultures in Southeast Asia: Demise, Fragmentation, Transformation. Global Society, 35(2), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2020.1747992
UN Women. (2021). Violence against women in the online space: Insights from a multi-country study in the Arab States.
UNDP. (2021). UNDP Human Development Report 2020.
UNDP. (2023). Gender Inequality Index (GII). https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/thematic-composite-indices/gender-inequality-index#/indicies/GII
UNDP Lao PDR. (2022). Gender Equality Strategy 2022 - 2026.
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Published
2024-11-16
How to Cite
Wijaya, C. H. ., Basyir, N. D. ., Hasudungan, A., & Desfiandi, A. . (2024). Examining the Influence of ICT Penetration on Gender Disparities: A Data Panel Econometric Analysis of the Seven Southeast Asian Developing Countries . International Student Conference on Business, Education, Economics, Accounting, and Management (ISC-BEAM), 2(1), 2113–2128. Retrieved from https://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/isc-beam/article/view/46717
