Journal Olahraga Rekat (Rekreasi Masyarakat)
Journal Olahraga Rekreasi Masyarakat is a Journal of Sports, Recreation and Society Science published by the Recreational Sports Education Study Program, Faculty of Sports Science, State University of Jakarta. The name Recreational Sports and Society was chosen based on the name of the Sport and Recreation Study Program which is philosophically identical to Sports, Health and Recreation Science, while the addition of the word Community aims to make the research that has been studied can be implemented in the community. Journal Olahraga Rekreasi Masyarakat is published twice a year at intervals, the first edition in June and the second edition in November. Each journal issue contains an article that examines, discusses the latest research or findings in Sports, Recreation and Society Science. Scientific journal writers come from the Academic community (Students). E-ISSN Number : 2985-3389
EFFICACY OF LORSBACH CONSTRUCTIVIST MODEL TO IMPROV SPECIFIC PHYSICAL ABILITIES AND NUMERICAL ACHIEVEMENT LEVEL OF HAMMER THROW EVENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS
Background Hammer throw is one of the most technically challenging athletics events, requiring a precise combination of explosive power, rotational speed, and control of centrifugal force. Literature indicates that relying on traditional teaching methods, which make the student a passive recipient, leads to a weak understanding of the technical phases and a low level of performance. Objectives. This study aims to develop educational sessions based on Lorsbach model and evaluate their impact on developing physical variables maximum and explosive power and performance levels in hammer throw. An experimental approach with two equivalent groups was used. Sample consisted of 40 students from Wasit University, randomly divided into an experimental group Lorsbach model and a control group traditional method, with 20 students in each group. Approach lasted four weeks, with two sessions per week. Method. Lorsbach model, through its exploration and explanation phases, enabled students to understand mechanical relationship between leg strength and hammer release speed, leading to better organization and optimal utilization of physical effort in skill performance. The research concludes that Lorsbach model contributes to stimulating self-inquiry and linking prior experiences to complex motor skills required for hammer throw, thus enhancing students' motivation to achiev.Result. Results showed a significant advantage for experimental group in all physical variables and performance levels (p < 0.05) compared to control group, this advantage is attributed to nature of learning sessions, which linked physical variables to hammer's motion, in hammer throw, explosive power and velocity are primary drivers of hammer's spin. Conclusion. The researcher recommended to adopt of educational sessions designed according to Lorsbach model in teaching hammer throw activity in physical education colleges, teachers should be urged to instructors to shift from traditional roles to facilitator and guide roles, in accordance with constructivist theory.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rana Mohammed Mutair https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
BALLISTIC STRETCHING EXERCISES AND THEIR EFFECT ON EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH, FLEXIBILITY, STROKE LENGTH, AND STROKE FREQUENCY OF THE WORKING LIMBS IN YOUTH SWIMMERS OF WASIT GOVERNORATE CLUBS
Background. The researcher focused on employing ballistic stretching exercises to develop certain forms of muscular strength and flexibility, which are considered essential requirements for swimmers. These exercises are distinguished by their ability to enhance flexibility through rapid, explosive movements performed within a specific range of motion, with the potential for progressive improvement through continued training, depending on the anatomical characteristics of the joint and muscle. Objectives. The study aimed to design ballistic stretching exercises and identify their effects on selected forms of strength and flexibility. Method. The researcher adopted an experimental method using a single-group design with pre- and post-tests. The research sample was intentionally selected and consisted of youth swimmers from Al-Kut Club in Wasit Governorate, aged (16–17) years, with a total of (10) participants. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to obtain the study results. Results. Significant at the level (0.05) when the error level ≤ or = (0.05), and the tabulated t-value = (2.262). The findings indicated that ballistic stretching exercises led to noticeable improvements in explosive strength of both the arms and legs, speed-strength, as well as flexibility. Conclusion. The development in swimming performance is attributed to the scientifically structured curriculum, which utilized appropriate intensity, volume, and density. The use of specialized equipment, such as resistance bands and weights during stretching, addressed performance deficits and increased training unit efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mutaman Jabar Mohamed Hussein, Hasan Hadi Abed Hasuwni Alhamrawi, Hayder Mahdi Dakhil Al hlew https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFFICACY OF POSTERIOR CAPSULE STRETCHING AND ECCENTRIC LOADING ON FUNCTIONAL KINEMATICS AND SERVE VELOCITY IN ADOLESCENT VOLLEYBALL ATHLETES WITH GIRD: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Background. Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD) is a significant limitation to athletic performance. Newer research findings suggest that the incidence of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD) amongst young volleyball players stands at around 37.5% (Mine et al., 2024; Wilcox et al., 2021). Objectives. To this end, the current study investigates a novel rehabilitation protocol comprising posterior capsule stretching in association with eccentric strengthening. Method. Twenty-four adolescent athletes were randomly assigned to an experimental (EG) or a control group (CG; n = 12 per group) in a single-blind experimental design. In the experiment group, there was an 8-week targeted stretching protocol together with eccentric training for the external rotator muscles. Results. Statistical analyses indicated that the experimental group significantly outperformed control on each post-test measure (p< 0.001; 95% CI), with large effect sizes Cohen's d > 0.8). Conclusion. The experimental group experienced significant changes in internal rotation range of motion, functional strength and spike serve speed. Combining eccentric loading with targeted stretching appears effective for restoring shoulder kinematic symmetry and performance parameters in young athletes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samer Jaafar Mohsin, Ali Hussien Mnade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
REGENERATIVE LEADERSHIP ROLE IN IMPROVING EXCEPTIONAL PERFORMANCE AMONG SPORTS AND SCOUT ACTIVITY DEPARTMENTS HEADS
Background. The Department of Sports and Scouting requires regenerative leadership that motivates staff toward excellence and innovation. Thus, regenerative leadership plays a key role in fostering exceptional performance among sports department heads. Objectives. This research exploring regenerative leadership vital role to improve heads exceptional performance within Departments Sports and Scout Activity. Method. This paper highlights that regenerative leadership surpasses simple skill via concentrating on systemic change, creation besides inspiration to benefit individual also educational institution. Through shifting away from stagnant management styles characterized by stagnation, this type of leadership promotion a long-term vision and a strong message aiming at a accomplishing proficient quality of highest standards. This paper identifying the important problem: the necessity for modernized administrative tactics, which could excellently navigating the sports and scouting environments difficulties. Results. Analysis of data shows that success is deep rooted in the familiar administrative patterns modernization besides deep-seated organizational visions outcome. Results propose that when leaders depended these regenerative qualities, they enable staff and inspire collective decision-making that is significant for institutional feasibility. Conclusion. Focusing on the way leaders consider besides process regeneration, departments could step toward extra supportable in addition to excellent -performing future. Finally, this paper helps as a roadmap for integrating modern administrative techniques to achieve the Directorate of Education strategic purposes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khlood Hameed Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE EFFECT OF PERFORMANCE ABILITY EXERCISES ACCORDING TO THE LIMB SYMMETRY INDEX (PREFERRED AND NON-PREFERRED LIMB) ON SOME TYPES OF MUSCLE STRENGTH, MECHANICAL VARIABLES AND PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG SHOT PUT THROWERS
Background. To identify the effect of the performance ability exercises according to the limb symmetry index (preferred and non-preferred limb) on some types of muscle strength, mechanical variables and achievement for young shot put. Objectives. The purpose of this paper is to preparing performance ability exercises according to the limb symmetry index (preferred and non-preferred limb) for young shot put throwers. Method. Performance ability exercises (strength and speed) were applied, which were built according to the limb symmetry index for the preferred and non-preferred limb (through a test in the exploratory experiment) for two months at a rate of three training units per week on the research sample of 10 young throwers from the Middle Euphrates region who compete in the races held by the Iraqi Athletics Federation for the 2024 sports season. They were randomly divided into two equal groups, and some types of strength and achievement were measured for the effectiveness of the shot put lifting and photographed to extract some biomechanical variables through photography. Results. The results showed that the performance ability exercises according to the limb symmetry index (preferred and non-preferred limb) used by the experimental group and the regular training used by the control group led to the development of some physical abilities, mechanical variables and achievement for young shot put, and that the development of some abilities for the two groups led to the positive impact on the development of some mechanical variables for young shot put throwers and thus the impact on the achievement of the two groups and the superiority of the experimental group over the control group in the impact on the development of some abilities and some mechanical variables and achievement for young shot put throwers through the results achieved as a result of training based on the limb symmetry index, which gave more training to the non-preferred limb, which gave preference and final achievement. Conclusion. The researchers recommend emphasizing that throwing and jumping activity training be directed to developing the achievement ability in its various forms, especially activities that depend on the ability element because it directly affects the mechanical variables associated with the skill performance of the activity and thus the positive impact on achievement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saad Jassim Jilab, Ammar Makki Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE EFFECT OF THE BLENDED LEARNING STRATEGY ON THE SOME TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE OF GYMNASTIC SKILLS FOR STUDENTS
Background. The importance of this research has emerged in its focus on blended learning to help students increase their motivation to learn, develop cognitive and performance skills, and meet their individual needs so that each student learns at their own pace. It also increases their sense of equality in educational opportunities. Objectives. The purpose of this paper is to design an educational program using a blended learning strategy and to determine its impact on students' gymnastic skill performance. Method. The researcher used the experimental method, given its suitability for the nature of this research, adopting a single-group experimental design with pre- and post-tests. After conducting the pre-tests and entering the data into Excel, the researcher implemented the main experiment on the research sample for 12 weeks, with two units per week. After completing the main experiment, the post-tests were conducted, and the data were entered into Excel. This data was processed using the SPSS statistical package. Results. The total average arithmetic mean for the regular physical education lesson is (1.79), and the total average arithmetic mean for the physical education lesson with applications of the blended learning strategy is (2.96). Conclusion. There are statistically significant differences between the average pre- and post-tests of the experimental group regarding gymnastic skill performance, in favor of the post-test.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ameen Atta Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
SMART ORGANIZERS AND THEIR ROLE IN MANAGING ATHLETIC TALENTS IN TEAMS OF PROFESSIONAL IRAQI BASKETBALL LEAGUE FROM PERSPECTIVE OF ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD MEMBERS AND TRAINING CREWS
Background. Iraqi Professional Basketball League clubs face significant challenges in managing their athletic talents. These challenges include the lack of a clear vision for discovering and positively managing talents, providing their teams with distinguished athletic talents who can serve the clubs in various competitions. Many sports club administrations lack strategic planning to engage with these talents, developing them physically, skill-wise, and even psychologically, enabling them to build athletic personalities capable of handling athletic situations positively, free from stress and indiscipline. Furthermore, these clubs lack training programs and modern technologies that help hone these skills among many talented athletes, enabling them to identify strengths and weaknesses and address them quickly and effectively. Objectives. The purpose of this paper is to This research aims to identify the level of smart organizations and sports talent management within Iraqi professional basketball league clubs from the perspective of their administrative and technical staff. It also seeks to determine the extent to which smart organizations contribute to sports talent management within these clubs, again from the perspective of their administrative and technical staff. To achieve this primary objective, the researcher employed a descriptive methodology, deemed most suitable for the nature of this study. Method. The research sample comprised 57 members of the administrative and technical staff working in Iraqi sports clubs participating in the Iraqi professional basketball league for the 2024-2025 season. Results. The researcher utilized the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, and t-test. After statistically analyzing the data, the researcher concluded that Iraqi sports clubs participating in the Iraqi professional basketball league contribute to the management and development of sports talent, striving to achieve outstanding results and maintain a competitive edge. Conclusion. Iraqi sports clubs participating in the Iraqi Professional Basketball League are considered smart organizations that seek to develop, modernize, and address issues and events according to unconventional administrative procedures. Iraqi sports clubs participating in the Iraqi Professional Basketball League contribute to managing and nurturing sports talent to achieve outstanding results and maintain a competitive advantage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Raad Ibrahim Alsaqi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFFECT OF MULTI-INTENSITY OVERLOAD TRAINING TO IMPROVE OFFENSIVE PERFORMANCE EFFICIENCY IN WRESTLERS
Background. Defined as the lack of offensive efficiency during matches among Greco-Roman wrestlers. The need to use a multi-intensity overload training method to address this weakness. Research Objectives to determining the effectiveness of the training program in developing the speed and accuracy of executing offensive holds. Identifying the effect of multi-intensity overload training on improving offensive performance efficiency in Greco-Roman wrestlers. Objectives. This study aimed to detect intensity overload training on improving offensive performance efficiency of Greco-Roman wrestlers. Method. The researcher used an experimental design with a single group and pre- and post-tests on a sample of eight wrestlers from Damouk Sports Club. A training program was implemented for eight weeks, consisting of three training sessions per week, for a total of 24 sessions. Results. This study relied on three tests to measure offensive performance efficiency accuracy of execution of offensive holds, speed of execution of hold, and the number of successful offensive holds. Pre-tests were administered before program, and post-tests were administered after its completion. Results showed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-tests, favoring post-tests in all variables, indicating effectiveness of training program. Conclusion. The researcher concluded that multi-intensity overload training contributed to improving efficiency of offensive performance in terms of accuracy, speed and number of successful holds, as well as improving wrestlers' ability to perform under conditions of varying physical exertion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tawheed Haider Abdul Razzaq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFFECT OF LIMB WEIGHT TRAINING ON SOME KINEMATIC VARIABLES LONG-RANGE SHOOTING IN YOUTH BASKETBALL (UNDER 16 YEARS OLD)
Background. Importance of this research lies in demonstrating the impact of these exercises on developing the mechanical aspects of long-range shooting skills among young basketball players. It also highlights the training method of limb weight training and its effect on certain kinematic variables related to long-range basketball shooting. This contributes to raising the level of skill performance, improving shooting accuracy, and achieving better results in sports competitions, research problem was the weakness and inconsistency in long-range shooting accuracy, in addition to some mechanical variables affecting the movement during the skill's execution. Objectives. Research objective was to identify the effect of limb weight training on certain kinematic variables in long-range basketball shooting among young players (under 16 years old). Method. The experimental method was used, and the research sample was the Basra Governorate Education Directorate team for the 2025-2026 season. After implementing the exercises. Results. By observing Tables (3) and (4) of the pre- and post-tests for the control and experimental groups, it became clear that both groups improved their kinematic variables and long-range shooting accuracy (calculated as three points). This is attributed to the regularity of training in both groups and their use of targeted exercises that affect the physical aspect, which in turn affects skill performance, including endurance. Conclusion. The weight training exercises enhanced the physical aspects, kinematic variables, and accuracy of three-point shooting in basketball for youth players (under 16 years old).
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghazwan Abdullateef Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE IMPACT OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES ON VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS' ABILITY TO IMPROVE THEIR SPEED AND QUICKNESS
Background. Due to the fact that these are the player's own position changes, its important to work on improving these skills whether it be starting them or making sure we achieve those top levels of performance achievable. This is what the game is based on, along with a lot of basic technical skills — the player must move purposefully and variationally in as little time and with as little effort as possible. It also allows the player to toggle back and forth between offensive and defensive tasks. Knowledge of his work is part of success and part greatness. Objectives. The objective of the study is to develop training programs that can enhance agility and skill performance of junior volleyball players and determine how exercises enables junior volleyball players to increase their agility and skill performance. Method. By the trial method, the researcher had established comparable groups that were appropriate for the situation's kind. The study group consisted of players from Babylon Sports Club participating in the Iraqi Junior Volleyball League Championship for the period of 2024–2025. The participants were divided into two groups: The experimental group used workout sessions to increase speed and skill for hitting the volleyball, while the control group did not perform anything. This experimental group consisted of six junior volleyball players in addition to the team trainer. Results. This indicates that agility training improved performance of the skills. The researcher believes that it was the players' adherence to a standardized science-based training program that improved their performance on skill. Performance level indicates that this results in physical improvements and leads to the progress of volleyball-specific physical abilities. Conclusion. The study concluded that the recommended exercises have an effect in exercise volleyball spiking skills and agility skills volleyball spiking.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aqeel Yousif Naser https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
LEVERAGING DATA ANALYTICS FOR STRATEGIC DECISION-MAKING IN PROFESSIONAL SPORTS ORGANIZATIONS
Background. The integration of data analytics has revolutionized decision-making in professional sports, enhancing operational efficiency, tactical strategies, and financial performance. As teams increasingly rely on big data, analytics has become a crucial tool for optimizing player performance, improving fan engagement, and maximizing revenue. Objectives. This study examines the impact of data analytics on professional sports organizations, focusing on performance optimization, recruitment strategies, and financial sustainability. Method. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative analysis (player statistics, match outcomes, revenue metrics) with qualitative insights (expert interviews, fan sentiment analysis). Data from professional sports organizations, coaches, players, and fans were analyzed using statistical models, machine learning, and natural language processing. Results. Findings indicate that analytics-driven performance evaluation enhances coaching decisions, injury prevention, and player recruitment. Fan engagement strategies based on data-driven marketing increase loyalty, while financial analytics improve sponsorship deals and revenue generation. Larger organizations benefit from AI-powered predictive modeling, whereas smaller clubs should adopt cost-effective solutions to enhance competitiveness. Conclusion. Data analytics is a key driver of success in professional sports, enabling smarter decision-making, improved fan engagement, and sustainable financial growth. Investment in advanced technologies and cross-sector collaboration will further enhance competitive advantages in an increasingly data-driven industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rawaa Abdulameer Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFFECT OF RONDO TRAINING ON PASSING ACCURACY AND SHOOTING IN FOOTBALL FOR PLAYERS UNDER (14) YEARS OLD
Background. Rondo drills are a training method that integrates physical, technical, and tactical aspects in a simulated environment of real-life playing situations. These drills, conducted in small spaces with a limited number of players, focus on ball possession through short, quick passes. This forces players to make rapid decisions and accurately determine passing paths. Rondo drills are considered a modern training method in football, with many coaches referring to them as diverse and varied exercises. Objectives. Objectives of this study is to determine influence of rondo practicing on under 14 players passing and shooting performance. Method. The researcher used a pre-test/post-test equivalent groups experimental design. sample was 28 players less than 14 years from Al-Zawraa Sports club for season of 2024-2025. researcher homogenized research sample, and then made it so that equivalence between two groups was based on results of pre-tests of passing and shooting accuracy. We then applied Rondo training 3 days per week over a five-week period to experimental group. Post-tests were carried out in similar conditions to pre-tests. Results. The researcher analyzed results to determine that rondo training showed a meaningful and beneficial impact on passing and shooting accuracy among experimental group as opposed to those in in either of one-touch conditions. Additionally, the experimental group was significantly and independently better than control on accuracy of passing. Conclusion. Researcher suggests that rondo drills should be applied in training (in warm-up and pre-game) to football players aged under 14 years, it could also be used as an exercise with youth and junior age groups in football.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haider Hussein Saleh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
SMART MANAGEMENT OF SPORTS FACILITIES IN THE DIGITAL AGE: A HOLISTIC MODEL FOR INTEGRATING INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE AND ITS IMPACT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Background. The challenges facing these facilities are increasing as a result of rapid technological developments, which requires the development of integrated models that incorporate modern technologies into their management. The results indicate that 70% of sports facilities suffer from poor integration among their internal departments, and 80% of them lack a comprehensive model for smart management. Objectives. The study aims to develop a holistic model for smart management by analyzing the current reality and identifying the necessary requirements, which enhances institutional sustainability. Method. The study employed a mixed-methods approach (descriptive-analytical, comparative, and applied), collecting data from a sample of 108 managers, technical and administrative staff in sports facilities. A developed questionnaire was used to assess the impact of smart management on performance integration and sustainability. Results. The results indicate a strong positive correlation (r = 0.71) between the application of smart management and achieving sustainable development, and PLS-SEM analysis revealed a total effect of 0.793 of smart management on sustainability through direct and indirect paths. Conclusion The importance of this study lies in providing a comprehensive strategic model that can contribute to improving institutional performance, increasing the effectiveness of internal processes, and enhancing innovation. Thus, this study represents an important scientific reference for officials and researchers in the field of sports management, opening new horizons for sustainable development in the sports sector.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mayson Abdl Jalel Abdl Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE EFFECT OF COMPETITIVE TRAINING ON TRANSITIONAL SPEED AND HANDLING ACCURACY IN HANDBALL FOR STUDENTS
Background. Through the researcher's observation and follow-up of the practical lectures for the handball course, she noticed a decrease in the amount of physical and skill performance among fourth-year students in the Department of Physical Education - Dijlah Private College, especially in transitional speed and passing accuracy. The researcher attributes the reason for this decrease to the teacher's neglect of competitive training and the focus on using regular training, which led to the students feeling bored, distressed, and lacking motivation and desire to accomplish the tasks assigned to them during the educational units. Objectives. The research aimed to develop competitive training programs for students' transitional speed and handling accuracy in handball, as well as to identify the impact of these competitive training programs on students' transitional speed and handling accuracy. Method. The researcher followed an experimental approach using a pre-/post-test design with two equivalent groups, The sample consisted of (30) students representing fourth-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Dijlah Private College for the academic year (2025-2026). The researcher conducted the homogenization process for the research sample and performed the equivalence process for the two groups in the dependent variables (transitional speed and accuracy of handling from head level) based on the pre-measurements, The competitive training was then applied to the experimental group for (4) weeks at a rate of (2) units per week. After that, post-tests were conducted, in which the researcher ensured that they were conducted under the same conditions and circumstances as the pre-tests. Results. The results were then analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, and based on these results; the researcher concluded that competitive training plays a significant role in improving students' transitional speed and overhead ball handling accuracy with handball. Furthermore, the experimental group demonstrated a clear and substantial superiority in post-test measurements over the control group in both transitional speed and overhead ball handling accuracy with handball. Conclusion. Competitive training plays a major role in improving transition speed and accuracy of overhead handling with handball for the students. The experimental group showed a significant and clear superiority in the dimensional measurements over the control group in the transitional speed and accuracy of handling from head level with the handball. The control group showed a remarkable superiority in the post-test measurements over the pre-test measurements in transitional speed and accuracy of handling from head level with the handball.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hadeel Taleb Mohammed Shehaib, Qusay Ahmed Sarhan, Alia Hussein Farhan, Tahseen Hosni Tahseen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
AEROBIC BOXING TRAINING PROGRAM TO DEVELOP CERTAIN ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AMONG FEMALE TRAINEES IN GYMS
Background. The research problem lies in need to investigate the effectiveness of a training method that combines motor continuity, time management, and variety in motor performance positions. Despite increasing prevalence of training programs within women's gyms, many of these programs still focus on general motor activity without precise guidance towards developing functional physical abilities related to efficiency of daily motor performance. Objectives. The study aimed to identify effect of an aerobic boxing training program on developing some elements of physical fitness among female trainees in gyms. Method. The researcher used the experimental method with a single group design with pre- and post-measurements. The research sample consisted of 10 female trainees practicing physical activity aged 24-26 years. The training program lasted 8 weeks with three training units per week. After applying tests under investigation and carrying out exercises prepared by the researcher. After conducting post-tests, results were statistically processed using Statistical Package System SPSS version 24. Results. Results showed statistically significant differences in favor of post-test in all variables, indicating effectiveness of aerobic boxing training in producing positive physical and motor adaptations in trainee. Conclusion. This study concluded that a training program using the air boxing method has proven effective in developing physical fitness components among the participants, reflecting the efficiency of this training method in improving overall physical performance in the gym. This contributes to developing the muscular endurance of the legs and arms, improving dynamic agility, and enhancing motor balance within a structured, applied framework.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Abd-alnaby Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BIOMECHANICAL VARIABLES FOR A FREE THROW SHOOT PERFORMANCE IN STANDARD RIM VS REDUCED RIM CONDITIONS
Background. Basketball coaches often refer to their teams' success or failure as a product of their players' performances at the free-throw line. Objectives. The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the effects of reducing the diameter of the basketball rim on the kinematic variables of the free throw shoot. Method. The sample comprised of five number of male basketball players from the University of Kirkuk between the age of 20 to 25 years and a mean height of 1.92 + 0.085 meters. Eight free throw attempts were made by each player for this investigation and the successful shots were taken into consideration. For the first four attempts a standard rim of 45 cm diameter was used while for the latter four shots a reduced rim of 35 cm diameter was used. The player performance was recorded using High speed video cameras to record the kinematic variables, including the release angle, the ball to hand angle, the maximum ball height and the ball to rim entry angle. A special motion analyses software Kinovea was used to analyze and measure these angles. Results. The study implied that a smaller rim with reduced diameter implied steeper and more controlled, mechanism adaptations by the players for all the studies variables. The players implemented a more precise release angle which increased from mean of 52 degrees to 57.38 degrees. The hand to ball angle also showed a similar result with an increase from mean of 94.71 degrees to 102 degrees. It was also observed that there was a much reduced variation and a substantial improvement in the ball to rim entrance angle (32.90 o + 5.29 o to 35.78 o + 1.37 o, p<0.001), which indicates a much better precision in the approach trajectory. Conclusion. The study indicated that due to the systematic changes in the free throw biomechanics to be successful in a reduced rim condition, the players repeatedly used sharper entrance trajectories, higher arcs and more accurate release mechanics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Omar Fadhil Hamdani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE EFFECT OF TRAINING WITH SINGLE AND DOUBLE WEIGHT MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT ON THE MAXIMUM STRENGTH OF THE MUSCLES INVOLVED IN ACHIEVEMENT THE BENCH PRESS FOR ADVANCED POWERLIFTERS
Background. Maximal strength is influenced by several aspects including muscular coordination ability to produce force rapidly and adaptations to specific loads. Weight machines and resistance exercise equipment are popular training modalities among national and international elite-level teams. However, there is a paucity of evidence related to single and double weight machine exercise training in increasing maximal strength among advanced powerlifters. Objectives. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the effects of single weight machine and weight training using equipment on maximal muscle strength and bench press performance among advanced powerlifters. Method. The study used an experimental-equivalent groups design with pretest–posttest measures. Twenty-four advanced male powerlifters, aged 23–30 years, were recruited from Diwaniyah powerlifting team as participants. Sampling was done using stratified random sampling according to the competitors’ weight. Participants were assigned randomly to either the single-weight machine training group (n = 8), double-weight machine training group (n = 8), or control group (n = 8). The control group continued the coach’s regular training program throughout the study. Each intervention group trained three times per week for 8 weeks. Assessment of maximal muscle strength and bench press performance was conducted pre- and post-intervention. Results. Results revealed significant improvements in maximal strength and bench press performance in both experimental groups in comparison to the control group. There was a significantly greater increase in maximal strength performance using double weight machines than single weight machines. Conclusion. Resistance exercise programs using single and double weight machines enhanced maximal strength and bench press performance among advanced powerlifters. Findings provide evidence-based recommendations regarding strength training specificity among elite powerlifting competitors and support increased accuracy when programming by training modality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wissam Yasseen Burhan, Majid Abdul Hameed Rasheed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE LEVEL OF ADMINISTRATIVE EMPOWERMENT OF SUPERVISORS IN THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY STAGES, IN THE SPECIALIZATIONS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISOR IN THE SOUTHERN GOVERNORATES
Background. Comparison between supervisors specializing in physical education and administrative supervisors in terms of administrative empowerment level. Comparison between supervisors specializing in physical education and administrative supervisors for primary and secondary levels in terms of administrative empowerment. Empowering supervisors administratively is one of reasons for success in educational and sports work in general, and administrative work in particular, due to it has a direct impact on supervisor's personality and resulting impact on supervisor's behavior and personality. Objectives. This study aims to building a managerial empowerment scale for sports supervisors and administrative supervisors in Southern governorates. Identifying level of administrative empowerment of sports supervisors and administrative supervisors for primary and secondary levels. Method The researchers used descriptive approach, survey method, and correlational studies because it is the most suitable for nature of solving problem and achieving research objectives. Population included physical education specialists and administrative supervisors for the primary and secondary levels in the southern governorates (Basra, Maysan,Dhi Qar, and Muthanna), totaling (189) individuals. Results Results shows administration supervisors enjoyed a greater level of administrative empowerment than supervisors specializing in physical education for the entire sample. Secondary school supervisors enjoy a greater level of administrative empowerment than primary school supervisors do. Conclusion. Recommendation is to relying on administrative empowerment scale for administrative supervisors and specialization in physical education to measure their level of empowerment in southern governorates (Basra – Maysan – Dhi Qar – Muthanna). Emphasizing that officials in educational process pay attention to administrative empowerment of supervisors specializing in physical education and administrative supervisors by increasing their delegation of authority and their participation in decision-making process, especially primary school supervisors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fouad Abdul Mahdi Mahmoud Ali, Hutham Abdul-Amir Amin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE EFFECT OF MARZANO’S MODEL ACCOMPANIED BY VISUAL PRESENTATION TOOLS ON DEVELOPING CERTAIN COGNITIVE ABILITIES AND THE SKILLS OF SPIKING AND BLOCKING IN VOLLEYBALL
Background. Technological advancement plays a significant role in providing educators and coaches with modern teaching tools, devices, and instructional aids, both on cognitive and practical levels, which facilitate the process of delivering information to learners. Objectives. The current study aimed to examine the effect of Marzano’s model, accompanied by visual presentation tools, on developing certain cognitive abilities as well as the volleyball skills of spiking and blocking. Method. The researcher employed an experimental methodology on a primary research sample consisting of 27 youth players from the Al-Hay Sports Club. The sample was divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was trained according to Marzano’s model, while the control group followed the conventional method used by the coach. After the completion of the experimental intervention, the results were collected and analyzed statistically. Results. The findings indicated an improvement in certain cognitive abilities as well as the spiking and blocking skills among both research groups. However, the experimental group demonstrated superiority across the studied variables, reflecting the effectiveness of the Marzano model in enhancing both mental and motor performance. Conclusion. Based on these results, it is recommended to implement Marzano’s model in all sports activities, particularly in volleyball, due to its tangible positive effects on players’ cognitive development and skill acquisition, as evidenced by the outcomes of this study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amer Rashid Shayyal Al-Zubaidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A STUDY ON THE REALITY OF ORGANIZATIONAL AGILITY LEVEL OF SPECIALIZED SUPERVISORS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE OPERATIONAL PROFICIENCY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS IN MAYSAN GOVERNORATE
Background. The research problem emerged from the existence of a discrepancy between the continuity and speed of field variables and challenges faced by physical education teachers, and the slow administrative response in finding solutions to some real problems by specialized supervisors in the General Directorate of Education in Maysan. This situation casts its shadow on the work of physical education teachers in Maysan schools and affects their operational competence in utilizing available resources and exploring solutions to address the problems and challenges that hinder their work and impede the achievement of physical education lesson objectives. Objectives. This study aims to highlight the reality of organizational agility among physical education supervisors in the Maysan Governorate Center and its relation to the operational competence of physical education teachers. This is done by designing and applying two tools to measure these two phenomena, assessing their levels from the teachers' perspective, and then determining the relationship between them. Method. The researcher used the descriptive method with a correlational approach due to its suitability for the nature of the study problem and its appropriateness for achieving its objectives, on a study sample of physical education teachers from schools in the center of Maysan Governorate, totaling (184) teachers, selected randomly by the researcher from a total population of (350) teachers, representing (51.4%) of it. The sample was divided into three main groups: (14) teachers for the exploratory sample, (100) teachers for building the two scales, and (70) teachers for applying them. After building and applying the Organizational Agility Scale, which included (24) items distributed across three dimensions, and the Operational Proficiency Scale with (20) items distributed across two dimensions, and analyzing their results statistically, extracting their validity, reliability, and relevance, and then discussing them, the researcher was able to achieve the study's objectives and draw the research conclusions. Results. Among the most important conclusions were: the supervisors of the specialty enjoyed a high level of organizational agility; physical education teachers had a good level of operational proficiency; and the higher the level of organizational agility of the supervisors, the higher the level of operational proficiency of the physical education teachers. Conclusion. The researcher also recommended making efforts by senior administrations and school administrations to provide a school environment that encourages teachers to experiment and innovate in practical lessons, and to work on providing all the necessary resources and communication channels to improve and enhance communication between supervisors and teachers, and to circulate the results of this study to all general directorates of education in the governorates to benefit from its results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jasim Ali Mohammed, Mustafa Ismail Yasin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE LEVEL OF TACTICAL SKILLS AMONG YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Background. The tactical aspects in sports are considered essential for improving the performance of players and raising the level of their abilities, as tactical thinking is one of the basic elements in competitive sports performance, as it plays an important role in making decisions and achieving goals. In this context, Al-Jabali pointed out the importance of tactical thinking in improving the performance of athletes and achieving goals. Objectives. The research aims to identify the level of tactical skills among young players in the Electrical Industries and Civil Defense Sports Club, as well as to identify the differences between them in terms of these skills. Method. The researcher used the descriptive analytical method in this research, as he applied a measure of tactical skills, which is the Everlink scale consisting of (21) a statement divided into four areas. The researcher chose the research community intentionally, namely the young players in the Electrical Industries and Civil Defense Club. The research sample was chosen randomly from within this community, numbering (28) players, and after the researcher completed his procedures. Results. The results of the current research showed that the level of tactical skills among the players of the Electrical Industries Club and the players of the Civil Defense Club reached a high degree through the scale, the level of tactical skills among the players of the two clubs was approximately the same level. Conclusion. The researcher came out with several recommendations: Coaches pay attention to the tactical aspect of players, especially the junior and youth categories, and emphasis on club administrations selecting coaches with a high degree of psychological and general culture in the players’ intellectual affairs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Ashour Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFFECT OF A WEIGHT TRAINING PROGRAM TO IMPROVE PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF FENCING PLAYERS
Background. Technically, preparation of fencers is linked to working on their physical structure in addition to the functional skills required to perform certain tasks, such as athletic stability, flexibility, agility, reaction speed, and focus to evade or attack an opponent's weapon. Therefore, it requires a great deal of physical ability to help the athlete achieve their goal and secure victory during a match. Objectives. Goal was identifying effect of weight training program on physical efficiency of fencing players. Method. Functional competence of fencers And from Research hypotheses there are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test measurements between the experimental and control groups in the physical variables, in favor of the experimental group, there are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test measurements between the experimental and control groups in the functional variables, favoring the experimental group. The research sample was selected purposively from fencers registered with the federation affiliated with the clubs (Wasit, Al-Kut, and Al-Hay), totaling (20) fencers. They were divided into two groups: the first, a control group consisting of (10) fencers, and the second, an experimental group consisting of (10) fencers, in addition to two fencers on whom the pilot study was conducted, bringing the total number of fencers in the sample to (22). Results. Results proved that the physical program with weights has a positive effect on the functional state of the fencing players, which is both systolic and diastolic blood pressure maximum oxygen consumption resting pulse. Conclusion. Physical program with weights does not develop the element of speed to the required extent, physical program with weights has a positive effect on the elements of agility and speed-strength, as proven by the results of this study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sajjad Nasser Owaid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFFICIENCY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION CURRICULA IN LIGHT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS AMONG IRAQI UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Background. This integration helps provide personalized learning experiences that take into account individual differences among students, through the analysis of educational data and the design of flexible learning pathways that support the development of digital skills and global digital literacy. Objectives. This study aims to examine the efficiency of physical education curricula in Iraqi universities in light of artificial intelligence (AI) requirements. Method. Using the descriptive method and a questionnaire as the main tool for data collection on an exploratory sample of (30) students and a main sample of (307) students. Results. The results indicated that the current curricula enhance students’ understanding of smart technologies in sports training and clarify the role of AI in performance analysis, while smart teaching and assessment support individual learning and data-driven decision-making. However, the application of AI faces challenges such as weak technological infrastructure, limited financial resources, and lack of technical awareness and training. Conclusion. Accordingly, it is recommended to develop curricula to meet AI requirements, improve teaching and assessment methods, and enhance infrastructure and resources to ensure effective implementation of modern technologies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Kareem Finteel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
HEALTH AWARENESS AS A PREVENTIVE FACTOR AGAINST SKIN INJURIES IN GYM
Background. Fitness centers have experienced tremendous growth in recent years, becoming a top destination for young people and bodybuilders looking to improve their fitness, build muscle, and enhance their physical performance. Objectives. The study aimed to identify level of health awareness among gym members regarding prevention of skin injuries , and to identify incorrect health behaviors within gyms that contribute to increasing likelihood of skin problems. Method. The researchers adopted descriptive approach with its survey method, as it is the most suitable for nature of the current study. The research sample was selected purposively from original research population, and sample consisted of 100 gym members who met participation requirements, thus achieving an appropriate representation of research population and contributing to achieving the study objectives. Sample was divided into a construction sample consisting of 70 gym members, divided into 6 gym members for pilot application and 64 gym members for statistical analysis, while application sample consisted of 30 gym members. Results. Results of the study showed that general level of health awareness among gym members was very good, reflecting a general positive understanding of importance of preventive behaviors. Conclusion. The researchers recommends adopting regular health awareness programs within gyms that focus on early detection of skin injuries and their transmission mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Emad Abbas Hussein, Mahmoud Abbas Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFFECT OF A METHOD USING CERTAIN PHYSICAL THERAPY DEVICES TO REHABILITATE INFRASPINATUS MUSCLE FOR HANDBALL PLAYERS
Background. Handball players are prone to injuries to the infraspinatus muscle which is caused by repetitive overhead activity and extreme mechanical stress on shoulder joints during play. Hence, the rehabilitation program should be designed in such a way so that shoulder function can be restored and player can resume training safely after infraspinatus injury. Objectives. This research intended to introduce an effective rehabilitation program by using therapeutic devices selected from physical therapy devices and therapeutic exercises for the rehabilitation of handball players with mild tear in infraspinatus muscle.. Method. A single-group experimental study was conducted. Sample size of the study was 10 athletes who were elite handball players in Basra Governorate in season 2023 and had mild tear in infraspinatus muscle. Ten selected physical therapy devices were used for the rehabilitation program along with therapeutic exercises which included movements that targeted enhancing shoulder strength, shoulder flexibility and shoulder range of motion. Study variables included explosive power, speed-strength, spinal flexion–extension and rotation, shoulder joint flexibility which were measured during pre-test and post-test. Data were statistically described using descriptive statistics. Significance was tested at α = 0.05. Results. Results showed a statistically significant difference in explosive power, speed-strength, spinal flexion–extension and rotation, shoulder joint flexibility after performing the rehabilitation program (P < 0.05). Explosive power improved from 4.00 to 6.90, speed-strength from 7.60 to 13.60 repetitions, spinal flexion–extension and rotation from 10.60 to 19.60 repetitions and shoulder flexibility from 46.40° to 110.00°. Conclusion. Sportsmen who had mild tear in infraspinatus muscle experienced improvements in shoulder strength, shoulder flexibility and shoulder range of motion after performing the selected rehabilitation program. This research introduced new rehabilitation protocol which can be implemented in sports injuries and rehabilitation centers to help athletes recover from their injuries quickly and resume training safely.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amany Alaa Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PSYCHOLOGY PRESSURES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO DECISION-MAKING AMONG INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALL REFEREES IN IRAQ
Background. Psychological pressure is an inherent characteristic of human performance in situations demanding rapid response and accurate judgment, particularly in the complex and multifaceted world of sports. Research Problem refereeing football is a sporting task that demands a high level of focus, accuracy, and emotional stability, given nature of refereeing decisions, which are made quickly and under influence of numerous factors. These factors include psychological pressures stemming from importance of matches, behavior of players and coaching staff, fan reactions, and constant media scrutiny. Objectives. This research aims to identify level of psychological stress and decision-making skills among international football referees in Iraq, and to reveal nature of relationship between them in light of realities of refereeing in field. Method. The researcher used a descriptive correlational approach, and the research population consisted of 20 officially accredited international referees with Iraqi Football Association during 2025–2026 sports season, selected purposively at a rate of 100%. A 30-item stress scale and a 26-item decision-making scale were used, after their validity and reliability were verified using appropriate scientific methods. Results. Results showed that referees' stress levels were relatively high, while their decision-making abilities were very good. Results also revealed a statistically significant inverse correlation between stress and decision-making, indicating that increased stress leads to a relative decrease in the efficiency of refereeing decisions. Conclusion. International football referees in Iraq suffer from a relatively high level of psychological pressure. The referees have a good level of decision-making. There is a statistically significant inverse correlation between psychological stress and decision-making. Psychological pressures negatively affect speed and accuracy of refereeing decisions during matches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Jalal Ibrahim, Emad Abbas Hussein, Saleh Nayef Abdulhalim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ENHANCEMENT OF SHOOTING PERFORMANCE THROUGH VISUAL MEMORY EXERCISES. A STUDY OF JUNIOR BASKETBALL ATHLETES
Background. In basketball, players have to observe many details very quickly within a shooting play; for example, they must note their own position on the court, the defender’s distance from them, the basket’s position, and their teammates' movements. Objectives. This paper indicates the role that higher visual memory plays in shooting accuracy (number of successful shots) among players (13-16) in a real game setting. Method. We conducted a descriptive correlational study that collected field data without changing the players’ basic training at all. The participants were 25 junior players aged 13-16 years with at least one year of experience and either normal or corrected vision. The players were subsequently divided into two groups: 11 players with high visual memory and 14 players with low visual memory. Results. The results showed a strong positive correlation (r=0.84, p<0.0001) between visual memory score and the number of successful shots. A correlation was also found between the average number of successful shots in the low and high visual memory groups. Player age was not correlated with visual memory score (p=0.18). Conclusion. There is a relationship between the average successful throws of the two categories, low memory and high memory, which proves the sub-hypothesis of the research. The player's age is not related to the degree of memory (P=0.18). The distributions of both memory score and aiming accuracy showed a concentration around the average values.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zahid Hasan Atiyah, Saad Mahmood Ferman, Saad Mahmood Ferman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE EFFECT OF REHABILITATION EXERCISES IN AQUATIC SETTINGS ON ENHANCING THE FUNCTIONALITY OF DAMAGED ANKLE JOINTS IN YOUNG HANDBALL ATHLETES
Background. Sports activities serve as a significant medium for self-expression while also captivating public interest due to their inherent excitement and thrill. Consequently, these activities have experienced considerable advancement in their performance techniques and practice prerequisites. Participation in sporting activities imposes diverse stresses on muscles, joints, and ligaments, resulting in the potential for injuries of varied severity in different body regions, contingent upon the specific activity undertaken. Moreover, the direct interaction among players heightens the probability of injuries. Objectives. The aim of the study was to develop rehabilitative exercises by the use of an aquatic facility to enhance the efficiency of the injured ankle joint in the case of the young handball players. Method. The investigator applied the experimental approach that is appropriate to this issue, where the pre-test and the post-test were one-group. The sample used in the study was not random and included only young players (16-18 years old) in clubs in Maysan Governorate who were injured and performed rehabilitation exercises as a follow-up after a medical recovery period and this number constituted 8 players. Results. The results showed significant differences between the pre-test and post-test for the experimental group, favoring the post-test. The researcher attributes this improvement to the role of rehabilitation exercises in the aquatic environment that were designed and applied to individuals with ankle injuries. These exercises were organized, contributing to increased flexibility of the tissues surrounding the ankle joint, which led to improved elasticity of the ligaments and joints. The researcher attributes the improvement in injury levels to the aquatic environment, as it is considered an ideal place for muscle and joint injuries. Conclusion. The following conclusions and recommendations were the most important in the study: the use of rehabilitation exercises based on aquatic environment positively influenced the increase and the improvement of the range of motion of the ankle joint. Moreover, the use of rehabilitation exercise in water also helped in enhancing muscular strength that helps in the support of the ankle joint.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baha Abdul Hussein Abd Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
INTEGRATION OF REHABILITATION THERAPY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT TO REDUCE RELAPSE AND IMPROVE RETURN QUALITY TO SPORTS ACTIVITY AFTER INJURY
Background. Significant advancements in sports injury treatment and rehabilitation programs, relapse rates after returning to athletic activity remain a real challenge for both athletes and specialists. Field experience indicates that many athletes return to activity after regaining apparent physical fitness, but lack full psychological readiness, increasing their likelihood of recurring injuries. Objectives. The study aims to identifying impact of integrating rehabilitation therapy and psychological support in reducing relapse rates among athletes after injury. Method. The researcher adopted experimental method using a quasi-experimental design Two-Group Pretest-Posttest Design, as it was suitable for nature of study, which aimed to investigate effect of integrating rehabilitation therapy and psychological support in reducing relapse and improving quality of return to athletic activity after injury. Sample was divided into two groups experimental group is subject to an integrated rehabilitation program physical and psychological support. Control group undergoes a traditional physical rehabilitation program without organized psychological intervention. Pre- and post-tests were performed for both groups, in addition to a follow -up test to monitor relapse rates after returning to activity. Results. Results showed integration of rehabilitation therapy and psychological support has proven to be clearly effective in reducing relapse rates compared to traditional physical rehabilitation. Integrated rehabilitation program contributed to improving quality of return to sports activity to a statistically significant degree. Integrating psychological support into the rehabilitation program significantly reduced level of fear of recurrence. Conclusion. Physical-psychological integration has contributed to enhancing level of motor confidence among injured athletes. Results confirm importance of adopting a comprehensive, integrated approach in sports rehabilitation programs that balances physical and psychological readiness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saif Salah Hassan Hegel, Ali Khayoon Tarish Hamidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING AN ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT SCALE FOR EMPLOYEES IN BASRA YOUTH AND SPORTS DIRECTORATE
Background. Commitment, obedience, sincerity, and loyalty are among most important factors that have become a primary concern for management of organizations responsible for maintaining them in a healthy and sound state that enables their survival and continuity. Objectives. This study aimed to develop and apply an organizational commitment scale to employees of Basra Youth and Sports Directorate. Method. The researcher used a descriptive survey methodology, and study instrument was an organizational commitment scale consisting of 20 items distributed across three domains: affective commitment, continuity commitment, and ethical commitment. research sample consisted of 215 employees of Basra Youth and Sports Directorate. study was divided into three groups: a survey sample of 7, a construction sample of 116 workers, and a main application sample of 92 individuals. Results. Results showed that employees at Basra Youth and Sports Directorate possess a strong emotional commitment to their institution, demonstrated by their feelings of pride, honor, and loyalty. Emotional commitment is considered a crucial factor in achieving organizational commitment. high level of ethical commitment among Basra Youth and Sports Directorate employees stems from their adherence to principles, values, and ethics they were raised with, and their awareness of importance of their moral and ethical obligations to their institution. Conclusion. Study's most important conclusion is development and application of an organizational commitment scale for employees at Basra Youth and Sports Directorate. It also recommends promoting a culture of organizational commitment among Basra Youth and Sports Directorate employees, based on dimensions of organizational commitment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Husham Abbas Neamah Alrikabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A COMPARATIVE BIO-KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF LUNGE INITIATION BEFORE AND AFTER FRONT FOOT CONTACT IN FOIL FENCING
Background. Biomechanics played a major role in these contributions, as it details and explains the function of each part of the body and studies each technique, its effectiveness, and what a particular technique can achieve in fulfilling the purpose of the movement. Objectives. This study aimed to identify differences in selected bio-kinematic variables between initiating a lunge prior to versus following front foot ground contact in foil fencing. Method. The researchers used the descriptive method with a comparative analytical approach as the optimal method for solving the research problem. The descriptive method is defined as the accurate description of a phenomenon or problem and studying the phenomenon as it is in reality, The research community was identified as four players of the Iraqi national foil team. In order to obtain a result that is close to reality, the research sample consisted of 24 attempts made by the players for both cases. The sample was chosen purposively, as only the two cases of stabbing were studied, and for more than one match, as the total number of matches reached (3) National team players are chosen because they have a high level of physical and technical capabilities due to the need to study for this level. The research sample consisted of four fencers from the Iraqi National Foil Team. Results. There is a significant difference between the thrust before and after the anchorage in the variable of knee joint angle, as the value of T was equal to (-5.383). The significant difference between the lunge before and after landing in the shoulder joint angle variable, where the T value was (-3.590). T value for the dueling distance variable was (2.509), as the T value was (3.444). And there is a significant difference in the step distance variable and in favor of stabbing after fulcrum, as the value of T was (-2.933). Conclusion. The study reached several conclusions; primarily, the results revealed significant differences in certain bio kinematic variables between the pre-contact and post-contact lunge techniques, while other variables showed no significant differences between the two styles. Based on the findings, the researchers recommended that coaches train athletes in both lunge techniques due to their significant impact on match outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Abdallah Essa, Sameer Khalaf Gary, Yarob Abdul Baqi Daikh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING SESSIONS IN DEVELOPING SELF-CONFIDENCE AMONG FEMALE FITNESS TRAINEES IN GYMS
Background. The psychological preparation of athletes has become an urgent necessity, given the training pressures they face and the diverse sources of these pressures. Objectives. The purpose of this paper is to develop psychological counseling sessions to enhance self-confidence among female fitness trainees in gyms. It also sought to identify existing psychological counseling sessions designed to foster self-confidence in these women. Method. A two-group experimental design with pre- and post-testing was employed, deemed suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research community consisted of 23 female fitness trainees at Samana Beauty Gym in 2024. A census was used to select a 100% sample from this community, which was then randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, each containing 10 trainees. The Robin Velley Self-Confidence Scale, translated into Arabic by Mohammed Hassan Alawi and comprising 13 items, was selected for this purpose. After completing these procedures, the researcher conducted the psychological counseling sessions with the trainees for one month, with three sessions per week (Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday) before each training session, each lasting 30 minutes. The total number of sessions was 12. Results. The results of the study showed a significance value (p<0.05) which means that there was a significant influence of using both psychological counseling sessions (experimental group) and the control group in developing self-confidence among female fitness training participants. Conclusion. Resistance exercise programs using single and double weight machines enhanced maximal The most important conclusions reached were that the psychological counseling sessions had a clear impact on developing self-confidence among the fitness trainees in gyms, and that these sessions played a significant role in motivating the trainees to perform their physical exercises fully and without hesitation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marwah Ali Hamzah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0