Conflict, Peace, and Sustainable Development Case Study: The Dichotomy of Abdul Latif Forest Park, Sinjai Regency

indigenous communities stems from a mismatch between the current policy and the values that should be upheld, in addition to the lack of extensive communication among the local government, local indigenous communities and environmental activists.


INTRODUCTION
Conflict is described as a situation in which the goals or values of two or more parties in a relationship don't match.It can also involve attempts by each party to control the other, as well as feelings of hostility towards each other (Fisher, 2000).Common sources of conflicts Nations' territorial borders, trade restrictions, and wars are common sources of conflicts from a global perspective.The conclusion of the First and Second World Wars did not necessarily eradicate all ongoing conflicts.Despite efforts to curtail conflict, warfare remains a major concern in contemporary times.The disagreement between Russia and Ukraine has affected other countries, indicating that warfare causes losses beyond the conflicting parties, as nations with bilateral relations with the two countries also feel the repercussions.In this context, the subjects encompass export-import activities, foreign policy, termination of cooperation, economy, politics, and even food.Conflict can impede the capacity of food systems and supply chains to function adequately.Production decline is a result of producers being engaged in war, unable to function, or fleeing the country.Agricultural supplies may be disrupted in foreign markets, or military operations may destroy crops, produce, and water infrastructure.Armed conflict may decrease the purchasing power of consumers or limit their access to food, causing food availability issues (Mohamed Behnassi, 2022).Russia and Ukraine hold a significant position in the global economy in terms of economic relations.They are major suppliers in various commodity markets.Together, Russia and Ukraine are responsible for about 30% of global wheat exports, 20% of corn, mineral fertilisers, and natural gas, and 11% of oil exports.Furthermore, the metal exports from Russia and Ukraine are a crucial part of the global supply chains.Russia is a significant supplier of Palladium, which is employed in car catalytic converters, as well as nickel, a material used in steelmaking and battery production.Russia and Ukraine are sources of noble gases including Argon and Neon, which are employed in the production of semiconductors.They are also major producers of Titanium Sponge, a critical material used in the aircraft industry.Both countries possess substantial global reserves of Uranium.Despite no notable disruption in production or export volumes, prices for these commodities have increased significantly since the start of the conflict (Orhan, 2022).
The creation of the League of Nations (LBB) in 1920 and the subsequent establishment of the United Nations (UN) in 1945 were among the global efforts to maintain world peace.The introduction of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) presented a concrete framework for addressing poverty, hunger, maternal and child mortality, infectious diseases, education, gender inequality, environmental degradation and promoting global partnerships for development.Initially comprising of eight goals and 18 targets, these objectives were both global and local, specifically tailored to each country's needs.The targets are both global and local, customized to meet specific needs of each country.The objectives establish a framework for the global community to collaborate towards a common goal.Achieving these goals is expected to halve global poverty, enabling billions of people to benefit from the global economy in a more sustainable environment (Marta Lomazzi, 2014).In 2015, a transition was made from the MDGs to the SDGs, while keeping the main aspects of the preceding program.The SDGs cover the extent of and balance between the economic, social, and environmental aspects of sustainable development.Hence, they present a chance to initiate far-reaching changes that can promote a sustainable future (Cameron Allen, 2018).The creation of peace is undeniably critical for a country to make progress.Accelerated development can be achieved by removing obstacles that may cause a slowdown.Protracted conflicts have resulted in significant losses, both materially and morally, for several countries.The country should use these losses, both material and moral, as its fundamental capital for development.Peace and social development are closely linked to each other.
In the local context, the scope is more limited.Debates about local values, culture, customary law, livelihoods, and even environmental sustainability often lead to conflict.Some local communities consider nature to be essential for their survival and interpret it as something sacred.This dependence on natural products necessitates a balance between forest usage and sustainable protection.Nevertheless, globalization with its various advancements and conveniences has led to an expansion of the divide between development and the environment.Ensuring that forests remain sustainable is a challenge.Forest usage often leans towards exploitation, which can cause an elimination of the dual function of forests -as a producer of oxygen and as a place for local indigenous peoples to dwell.While public awareness of forest sustainability is increasing, efforts are needed not only to prevent further harm but also to protect existing ones.Protecting forests is vital for preserving the rich biodiversity and maintaining its ecosystem (Jari Parviainena, 2003).
Protection forest in Indonesia serves both as a protection for life support systems, specifically the water cycles, soil fertility and climate, and as a source of livelihood for the surrounding community (Hari Kaskoyo, 2017).Forest utilization through traditional methods is directly linked to the promotion of natural sustainability values, provided that these actions do not harm the existing ecosystem.However, this approach does not necessarily result in an increase in economic growth productivity.In both traditional and modern agricultural management, water availability plays a crucial role.This is because water significantly influences the harvest size and speed.Therefore, the attempt by the local government of Sinjai Regency to construct a campsite within the Protected Forest Area of the Abdul Latif Grand Forest Park was met with disapproval from diverse societal factions.The fundamental argument is that the development will harm the local values, where the forest's position is perceived as holy.Ecologically, the development will alter the natural structure, fell trees, endanger landslides, and impede access to water for plantations or community farms.This objection is reinforced due to not only the protected forest's status but also the Anoa animal's endemic presence, which is a factor in declining the development.The establishment of the campground and the road access to the forest, naturally, causes concerns around exploitation and even hunting that could jeopardise the sustainability of the flora and fauna ecosystem.The protected forest's central position and the abundance of water contribute to improving agricultural and plantation sectors, which in turn indirectly advance community welfare due to increased economic productivity.However, the impact of this is not significant.This case provides an interesting discussion space to analyse the inception of conflicts, development, forest ecosystems, and community efforts to preserve nature.

METHODS
This research applies the case study method as an analytical tool to investigate the case thoroughly.A case study is an in-depth investigation of an individual, group, or unit that aims to draw generalizations (Roberta Heale, 2018).Case studies aim to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the events under study while also developing general theoretical statements about regularities observed in the phenomena (Filed, 1984).The research is situated in Batu Belerang Village, Sinjai Borong Sub-district, Sinjai Regency.The case study method is used in this research to describe the conflict between different segments of society (the local indigenous people and environmental activists) and the Department of Environment and Forestry (DLHK) concerning the local government's proposal to construct a campsite in a protected forest area.The community's resistance to the proposal is due to concerns over environmental harm, including the risk of landslides, deforestation, blocked water access, and disruption of the natural habitat of endemic Anoa animals.By reference to the Long-Term Management Plan (RPJP) of Abdul Latif Forest Park for the fiscal year 2015-2025, the Department of Environment and Forestry has justified the legality of the campsite construction.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Just a few individuals, or even a single person, has the potential to cause significant conflict (Barrow, 2010).Conflict in its development is not solely caused by one trigger, but rather results from various root causes.According to Marx's theory, conflict arises due to: Firstly, economic determinism asserts that economic factors are fundamental in initiating structural changes in society.Secondly, historical determinism describes structural change in society through three stages: thesis (affirmation), anti-thesis (negation), and synthesis (reconciliation of opposites).An alternative perspective suggests that the factors underlying conflict in society are influenced by two primary factors: revolutionary change and the resolution of conflicting desires (M.Sulhan, 2021).The existence of resistance movements based on economic pretexts often triggers a conflict.The term exploitation is a common word that seems to describe a condition where the gap between the workers and the owners of capital.Galtung, on the other hand, sees a conflict as being present when human beings are being influenced so that their actual somatic and mental realisations are below their potential realization (Galtung J. , 2003).
According to Bourdieu, conflict arises from class differences, with Neoliberalism causing hardship for the working class in its class model.Bourdieu states that Neoliberalism is a program that strengthens through different partnerships, spanning economic and political to academic and cultural fields budaya (Johan Galtung M. K.-S., 2007).According to Johan Galtung, conflict can be categorised into three types: direct violence, structural violence, and cultural violence.Direct violence refers to physical violence.It causes physical pain as a result of harmful actions.Structural violence arises from the power arrangement and domination within a structure.Cultural violence can be described as acts of violence expressed through various media such as religion, ideology, language, art, and empirical science (Fajar Khaswara, 2021).Conflict can be perceived as a difference of interest or the belief that the aspirations of different stakeholders cannot be fulfilled simultaneously (Barrow, 2010, p. 294).

Positive Peace and Negative Peace by Johan Galtung: Authored by Johan Galtung
The concept of peace would seem unusual if it neglected to consider the relationships between gender, race, class and family, as well as the absence of structural violence.Structural violence refers to massive, unintentional suffering caused by economic and political structures Conflict, Peace, and Sustainable Development Case Study: The Dichotomy of Abdul Latif Forest Park, Sinjai Regency 5 through exploitation and oppression.Distinguishing between negative and positive types of violence is straightforward: The absence of personal violence does not necessarily indicate a positive outcome.However, the absence of structural violence leads to social justice, which is a positively defined condition.Social justice is characterized by equal distribution of power and resources (Galtung J. , 1969).The main distinction between positive peace and negative peace lies in the degree of conflict sustainability.
Positive peace is a state where security and economic justice pervade the predominant system until the social structure eliminates discrimination based on race, ethnicity, and religion.Democratic and non-coercive conflict resolution tools, social justice, and broad political divisions are needed to create positive peace.Positive peace necessitates having good and equitable relationships in all domains of life, including social, economic, and political.On the other hand, negative peace refers to a peaceful state that lacks conflict between two or more parties, as well as any imbalance or fear, violence, or disagreement of interests.When discussing negative peace, it is important to acknowledge that social injustice and economic oppression are still unresolved.Only after resolving these issues can positive peace be established.

The dichotomy of Sinjai Regency's Abdul Latif Forest Park
The emergence of conflicts between local governments and indigenous peoples highlights the disconnect between development-oriented policies and indigenous peoples who are impacted negatively.Therefore, an approach is necessary to identify conflicts in policy implementation and steps to resolve them.According to existing laws and regulations, which include Law No. 41/1999, Article 1 (Kehutanan, 1999), Protected forests are forested areas that predominantly act as life support systems to regulate water systems, prevent flooding and erosion, avoid seawater intrusion, and preserve soil fertility (Ginoga, 2005).Maintaining the natural ecosystem is equivalent to fostering the sustainability of all living things it contains, humans included.Ecosystems comprise a harmonious union of biotic (living), and abiotic (nonliving) entities.An ecosystem is a biological system that encompasses all organisms inhabiting a particular physical environment and interacting with one another (Masaharu Tsujimotoa, 2018).The forest has become a massive meeting place for various processes such as interaction, sustainability, dependence, production, and consumption, but it has also developed into a dichotomy.
Development is commonly associated with progress.Development is focused on economic growth and is intensified in various sectors, including the utilization of protected forest areas.The Abdul Latif National Forest Park covers an area of approximately 720 hectares and has faced opposition from environmental activists and students who demand a halt to the construction of the campsite.This opposition is reasonable because the area is still part of a protected forest where the Anoa, an endemic animal of South Sulawesi, is found.The issue first emerged in 2019 when the local government initiated the construction of a campground based on one of the programs in the 2015-2025 RPJP (Long Term Development Plan) and regulated by the 2012 Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation on Facilities and Infrastructure in Tahura Nature Tourism.
Despite having a clear legal basis, the government's plans have been rejected by NGOs and environmentalists.When viewed from different perspectives, the sustainability of the campground development is anticipated to create several dichotomies in the future.The initial issue concerns the status of Abdul Latif National Forest Park, still located in the protected forest area where the natural vegetation remains authentic.Due to the dense vegetation and presence of endemic animals, the government is deemed responsible for preserving the sustainability of the ecosystem habitat in the protected forest.Another concern pertains to customary areas.Customary forests are located within indigenous peoples' jurisdictions.The term implies a particular position granted to customary or traditional rights under lex specialis, and it adheres to customary law as defined by Article 5 of the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA).Consequently, state control rights do not apply within the jurisdiction of indigenous peoples' customary rights or other traditional rights.Nonetheless, the functional relationship between the two can still be regulated autonomously (Shela Erika Putri, 2019).The Abdul Latif Forest Park is considered a sacred area by the local community.The implementation of this development has the potential to harm the social and cultural order that has been in place for generations.During the reform era, the implementation of development had negative consequences such as conflicts in various regions and the emergence of new conflict symptoms, both of social-horizontal and politicalvertical nature (Rinto Taib, 2010).Furthermore, the sanitation and waste disposal practices at the campsite clash with the nearby breeding area and the community residing below.Due to the loose soil type, the development, located on a cliff area with a slope of 30-45 degrees, has a high probability of triggering landslides.The newly created access road is at a high risk of encroachment and destruction of trees, which in turn, poses a potential threat to the ecosystem of Mount Bawakaraeng.The mountain is still part of the protected forest area.
The establishment of a development policy is one of the government's initiatives to promote the economy of the community.Various measures and strategies are employed to maximize all available potential for improving the quality of life of the community.This aims to overcome the inherent stereotype that development is always progress.However, development can also be perceived as a setback, especially with regards to those who are forcibly evicted and experience severe suffering.High productivity resulting from development does not guarantee prosperity for people.This is due to the fact that the productivity process does not positively contribute to environmental sustainability.The environment is being increasingly harmed and its natural resources are being depleted at an alarming rate.Moreover, the natural ability of nature to rebalance itself is slower than the pace at which destruction and over-exploitation are occurring.Thus, development deemed successful may not possess adequate sustainability.Consequently, this development cannot be sustained (Budiman, 2000).
The relationship between the local government of Sinjai District and the local indigenous community was based on environmental concerns.The construction of the campsite was carried out despite opposition.The effects of the development have already been felt by the community without delay.The community has witnessed landslides and murky water, but most concerning is the access road to the forest, which is feared to facilitate exploitation and illegal logging in the future.The Abdul Latif Grand Forest Park, being a community that still adheres to traditional values, has a high exchange value when development takes place and eventually leads to the elimination of local traditions and customary beliefs.In addition to biophysical aspects, protected area management must also consider the social, economic, and cultural aspects of local communities.This includes the protection of sacred areas that are important to the community.UNESCO has taken notice of preserving sacred areas in relation to nature conservation.One notable example is the establishment of a Biosphere Reserve area (Suparmini, 2013).
Symbiotic mutualism or mutual benefit should be closely intertwined between humans and the nature that surrounds them.The abundant wealth of nature positions humans as rulers ready to fulfill their needs.Nevertheless, human intelligence is often misused to fulfill the urge for exploitation.According to data provided by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Conflict, Peace, and Sustainable Development Case Study: The Dichotomy of Abdul Latif Forest Park, Sinjai Regency 7 (KLHK), the total forest area has decreased since the Reform Order period.This decline is evident in the figures for 2016 and 2017, which report a reduction of 0.48 million hectares.Recent updates from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry indicate that the official figures report a decrease in deforestation to 0.4 million hectares during 2013-2014 compared to the preceding year's rate of 0.73 million hectares per year.Furthermore, deforestation escalated to 1.09 million hectares in 2014-2015 but subsequently declined to 0.63 million hectares per year in 2015-2016, and then further decreased by 0.48 million hectares per year in 2016-2017.The rate of deforestation can fluctuate annually due to various human or community activities.Therefore, cooperative and collaborative efforts aimed at reducing deforestation are necessary.Such initiatives would positively impact both the environment and public health (Suranto, 2021).The data above shows that the deforestation rate varies each year.However, it is the shared responsibility of all to preserve forests.The government must initiate development policies that promote sustainable development without disregarding natural sustainability principles.

Sustainable Development Environmental Studies and Ethics
In any community, power without ethics is profane and destructive pun (Rolston, 1932).Environmental ethics, in its naturalistic sense, can only be attained when individuals inquire about not only the application of common sense but also the principles of respect and responsible conduct (Rolston, 1932, p. 1).Environmental ethics is a systematic explanation of the moral relationship between humans and the natural environment.Environmental ethics assumes that ethical standards govern human behaviour towards nature.A theory of environmental ethics must explain the norms, to whom humans have responsibilities, and how these responsibilities are justified (Jardins, 2013).The presence of technology and exploitation in human behaviour are inextricably linked.The emphasis on convenience and practicality in technological advancements has altered the needs of the world community, particularly those residing in urban areas.Commodities that were once deemed as secondary needs are now of paramount importance.This shift in demand has led to an expansion of production, which at times overlook environmental regulations in favour of profit.The universe is a single living entity composed of one substance and soul, where living harmoniously with nature is fundamentally good and virtuous (Bourdeau, 2004).The concept of sustainability should be raised to the level of a global ethic that acknowledges and advances the interdependence of social and ecological values.Specifically, this ethic should result in regulating the patterns of production and consumption to maintain the rejuvenating capability of natural resources and their ecological processes and equilibrium.Preference should be given to moderation, accompanied by prudence or precaution (Bourdeau, 2004, p. 14).
Human activity has reached levels that could alter the planet's climate and biological mix.Economics is the driving force.The energy used for production is obtained by burning fossil fuels, which can produce carbon emissions (Chichilnisky, 1997).In general, sustainable development has two components: the meaning of development (i.e.what are the main goals of development: economic growth, basic needs and rights) and the conditions necessary for sustainability.One indication of the importance of the World Commission on Environment and Development report is to ensure that (development) meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Mitlin, 1992).In a similar vein, John Pezzey defines sustainable development as development efforts that meet the needs of future generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Pezzey, 1992).

Regulation of the Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number: P.22/Menhut-II/2012
According to Chapter 1, Article 1, Paragraph 1 in the general section of the Regulation of the Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia concerning guidelines for business activities for the utilization of natural tourism environmental services in protected forests, protected forests refer to forest areas primarily designated for the protection of life support systems, water system regulation, flood prevention, erosion control, seawater intrusion prevention, and soil fertility maintenance.According to paragraph 3 of Article 1, Business Activities for the Utilisation of Nature Tourism Environmental Services encompass all activities that aim to provide facilities and services to tourists/visitors while participating in nature tourism activities.These activities include business objects and attractions, the provision of services, business facilities, and other businesses related to nature tourism.Article 4 defines the types of natural tourism business referred to in Article 2 paragraph (1) letter b, including: According to Article 8 paragraph 2, businesses that provide accommodation facilities mentioned in Article 7 paragraph (1) letter b can take the form of inns, campgrounds, and mobile homes (caravans).This series of regulations demonstrates that the presence of protected forests is dedicated to maintaining natural ecosystems.As previously explained in the regulations, the development or use of forests is permitted.Article 8 paragraph 2 specifies that the construction of a campsite is a type of development included in the provision of accommodation facilities.As explained earlier, development carried out in tourism areas aims to improve the local and outside visitors' economy by providing suitable facilities and amenities.
The Adul Latif Grand Forest Park is currently the subject of conflict between the local government of Sinjai Regency and various segments of society.The core genesis of this conflict is the lack of extensive communication between the local government, who is responsible for the implementation, and the layers of society, including local indigenous people and environmental activists.The direct effects that emerged after the construction of the campground have led the community to reject it due to its negative impact on the natural ecosystem.The government is conducting development activities as per the regulations defined in the Long-Term Management Plan (RPJP) for the Abdul Latif Forest Park during the 2016-2025 fiscal year.While prioritising nature's sustainability, encouraging sustainable development remains a fundamental solution amidst widespread physical development.The concept of sustainable development is widely accepted.These goals include eradicating poverty, ensuring health for all, promoting social justice, meeting people's needs, living within the ecological limits of the planet, and accounting for the needs of future generations (Lisa Thoren Hedin, 2017).The government's good intentions in development should involve all elements of society, facilitating joint solutions and opinion exchange.Thus, the community continues to play a crucial role in the development process, notably by reducing the potential for conflict.Community engagement proves crucial in achieving well-informed decisions and effective implementation.Community engagement represents the most valuable key component (Paul Burton, 2006).

CONCLUSION
There is a conflict between the government and the local indigenous community which arises due to a misalignment between the prevailing policies and the values that should be implemented.The construction of the campsite is legal as per the 2015-2025 Long-Term Development Plan (RPJP) and is also governed by the 2012 Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation on Facilities and Infrastructure in Tahura Nature Tourism.However, there is conflict due to its implementation and the most disadvantaged party in this regard is the local indigenous community, considering the direct impact of environmental damage being caused.Additionally, the lack of effective communication between the local government, as the implementer, and the community comprising of local indigenous people and environmental activists is a contributing factor to the problem.To ensure effective development, the government should involve all sectors of the society in finding solutions and sharing opinions.Hence, the community's role in the development process is significant and can prevent conflicts.Improved community involvement leads to better decision-making and successful implementation.Sustainable development dictates that development must consider environmental sustainability.This is because a maintained environment not only ensures sustainability of life presently but also enables resource availability for future generations.
a. business providing nature tourism services; b. business providing natural tourism facilities.Then explained in detail in Article 5 the business of providing nature tourism services as referred to in Article 4 letter a consists of: a. tourism information services.b. tour guide services.c. transport services.d. tourism travel services.e. souvenir services.f. food and beverage services.In addition, the provision of natural tourism facilities as referred to in Article 7, detailed in Article 4 letter b includes: a. water tourism.b. accommodation.c. transport.d. adventure tourism.