ENERGY GAP ANALYSIS OF BA0.25SR0.75TIO3 THIN FILM ON GLASS INDIUM TIN OXIDE (ITO) SUBSTRATE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21009/03.1401.FA05Abstract
Ba₀.₂₅Sr₀.₇₅TiO₃ (BST) thin films were fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrates using the chemical solution deposition (CSD) method followed by annealing. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of Ruthenium (Ru) doping on the optical properties, particularly the band gap energy, of BST thin films. Optical characterization was carried out using UV–Vis spectrophotometry in the wavelength range of 230–850 nm. The results revealed that Ru doping effectively modified the electronic structure of BST, leading to a progressive reduction in band gap energy. On silicon substrates, the band gap decreased from 3.363 eV (undoped) to 1.568 eV (1.5% Ru), while on ITO substrates it decreased from 2.116 eV to 1.698 eV for the same doping level. This decreasing trend indicates that Ru introduces localized states or defect levels within the BST structure, facilitating electronic transitions at lower photon energies. The tunability of the band gap is highly significant for optoelectronic applications. A narrower band gap enhances light absorption in the visible region, which is beneficial for devices such as solar cells, photodetectors, optical sensors, and smart windows. Furthermore, the compatibility of BST with transparent conducting oxides such as ITO strengthens its potential forintegration into multifunctional and energy-efficient devices. In summary, this study demonstrates that Ruthenium doping provides a promising route to tailor the band gap of BST thin films, thereby expanding their applicability in next-generation optoelectronic technologies.
References
[1] Huriawati F, Irzaman. Kajian sifat optik film tipis BST didadah niobium dan tantalum. JPFK. 2015;1(1):9–13.
[2] Luo J, Yang XY, Li DL. Preparation of TiO₂ nanoparticles doped with Cs⁺ and Sr²⁺ and their photocatalytic activity under solar light. Adv Mater Res. 2010;113–116:1945–1950. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.113-116.1945
[3] Gao J, Xue D, Liu W, Zhou C, Ren X. Recent progress on BaTiO₃-based piezoelectric ceramics for actuator applications. Actuators. 2017;6(3):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/act6030024
[4] Sun Y, Liu T, Kan Y, Gao K, Tang B, Li Y. Flexible organic solar cells: Progress and challenges. Small Science. 2021;1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202100001
[5] Surono AT, Sutanto H. Sifat optik zinc oxide (ZnO) yang dideposisi di atas substrat kaca menggunakan metode chemical solution deposition (CSD) dan aplikasinya untuk degradasi zat warna methylene blue. Youngster Phys J. 2014;2(1):7–14.
[6] Irawan A. Kalibrasi spektrofotometer sebagai penjaminan mutu hasil pengukuran dalam kegiatan penelitian dan pengujian. Indonesian J Laboratory. 2019;1(2):1–9.
[7] Rocha FS, Gomes AJ, Lunardi CN, Kaliaguine S, Patience GS. Experimental methods in chemical engineering: Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis). Can J Chem Eng. 2018;96(1):2512–2517. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.23344
[8] Doyan A, Humaini. Sifat optik lapisan tipis ZnO. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika dan Teknologi. 2017;3(1):34–39.
[9] Putri LB, Vania R, Palupi EK, Patonah N, Irmansyah, Sumaryada T, Irzaman. Effect of light intensity on magnetic properties of SrTiO₃ thin films. Key Eng Mater. 2020;855:208–212.
[10] Noviana RA. Uji sifat kristal dan optik film tipis barium stronsium titanat (Ba₀.₄Sr₀.₆TiO₃) didadah cuprum(II) asetat (Cu(CH₃COO)₂). Undergraduate Thesis. Bogor: IPB University; 2024.
[11] Dewi R, Krisman, Khaironiati, Fauzina. Karakterisasi mikrostruktur material feroelektrik Ba₀.₈Sr₀.₂TiO₃ (BST) dengan variasi suhu annealing. Jurnal Fisika Indonesia. 2014;53(18):70–72.
[12] Bajpai P. Biermann’s Handbook of Pulp and Paper: Paper and Board Making. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2018. p. 237–271.
[13] Nurhidayah et al. Synthesis and characterization of lithium-doped BaTiO₃/Si(100) thin films with variations of 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% as potential forerunners of solar cells. Int J Nanoelectron Mater. 2024;17(1). https://doi.org/10.58915/ijneam.v17i1.503
[14] Sirait N, Motlan, Siregar N. Pengaruh doping SbCl₃ terhadap struktur dan sifat optik film tipis ZnO dengan metode sol-gel spin coating. Einstein e-Journal. 2021;9(1):8–15.
[15] Mustafa HA, Jameel DA. Modeling and the main stages of spin coating process: A review. J Appl Sci Technol Trends. 2021;2(3):91–95.
[16] Al-Ahmadi NA. Metal oxide semiconductor-based Schottky diodes: A review of recent advances. Mater Res Express. 2020;7(3):016401. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab7a60
[17] Ihwani SA. Pengaruh fraksi-X selenium pada struktur dan parameter kisi Pb(S,Se) masif preparasi teknik Bridman. J Ilmu Fisika dan Terapannya. 2022;9(2):1–13.
[18] Dewi R et al. The determination of barium strontium titanate thin film band gap energy Ba₀.₁₅Sr₀.₈₅TiO₃ using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Spektra: J Fis Apl. 2020;5(1):11–20. https://doi.org/10.21009/SPEKTRA.051.02
[19] Vigneshwaran B, Kuppusami P, Ajith Kumar S. Structural and optical properties of Ba₀.₅Sr₀.₅TiO₃ thin films on single crystalline substrates. Mater Sci Semicond Process. 2022;148:106795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2022.106795
[20] Dewi R, Manalu WA, Asrinaldo BN, Rini AS, Yanuar Y. Characterization of energy band gap thin film BaTiO₃–BaZr₀.₅Ti₀.₅O₃ using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Spektra: J Fis dan Aplikasinya. 2023;8(1):17–24. https://doi.org/10.21009/SPEKTRA.081.02
[21] Andrade PHM et al. Band gap analysis in MOF materials: Distinguishing direct and indirect transitions using UV–Vis spectroscopy. Appl Mater Today. 2024;37:102094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2024.102094
[22] Liu Y, Li S, Fausto G, Evgeny VR. Sol–gel synthesis of tetragonal BaTiO₃ thin films under fast heating. Appl Surf Sci. 2024;661:160086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.160086
[23] Alireza R, Hossein A, Reza GM. Optical properties of multi-stacked BaTiO₃/SrTiO₃ thin films. Ceram Int. 2021;47:17895–17906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.03.102
[24] Maryam GE, Abdelrahman MM, Moustafa G, Sameh OA. Optical investigation and computational modelling of BaTiO₃ for optoelectronic devices applications. Sci Rep. 2023;10:036486. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31652-2
[25] Rios C, Bazan DL, Christian AC, Salcedo R, Thangarasu P. Synthesis and characterization of a photocatalytic material based on raspberry-like SiO₂@TiO₂ nanoparticles supported on graphene oxide. Molecules. 2023;28(21):7331. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217331
[26] Boubaia A et al. Band gap and emission wavelength tuning of Sr-doped BaTiO₃ (BST) perovskites for high-efficiency visible-light emitters and solar cells. Mater Sci Semicond Process. 2021;130:105837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2021.105837
[27] Irzaman et al. The effect of photoconductive mole fraction based on thin film BaₓSr₁₋ₓTiO₃ (x = 0.000–0.500) on electrical properties and diffusivity coefficient. Biointerface Res Appl Chem. 2021;11(6):14956–14963. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC116.1495614963
[28] Irzaman et al. Design and fabrication of photovoltaics based on MFS (Ag/BaTiO₃/Si(100) p-type) structure. Mater Sci Energy Technol. 2024;7:29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2023.06.002
