Perceived EFL Teacher Absenteeism as a Predictor of Online Test Anxiety in Blended Learning: A Study of Informatics Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21009/ijlecr.v11i1.54667Keywords:
Blended Learning, EFL Teacher, Online Test Anxiety, Teacher AbsenteeismAbstract
Blended learning is becoming more common in higher education, offering both opportunities and challenges, especially in maintaining quality instruction. In Informatics program, where students need to master both technical skills and English proficiency, teacher absenteeism can significantly impact their learning outcomes. While earlier studies have explored teacher absenteeism and online test anxiety, little is known about the emotional impact of teacher absence in blended English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction, especially in technical fields. Therefore, this study investigated whether students’ perceptions of teacher absenteeism predict their anxiety during online tests, considering gender and age as possible influencing factors. A total of 57 second-semester Informatics students from Universitas Indraprasta PGRI participated in this quantitative correlational study. Data collected through questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis in SPSS 27. Results indicated that perceived teacher absenteeism, particularly in emotional domains, significantly predicted online test anxiety. Emotional absenteeism was the strongest predictor of students’ online anxiety, with male and younger students more affected by teacher absenteeism. These findings indicated the importance of emotional support in blended learning and suggest that teacher absenteeism can increase student anxiety, particularly for certain student groups. The study calls for stronger teacher accountability and policies that emotionally support students in blended learning settings.
References
Acosta-Gonzaga, E., & Ramirez-Arellano, A. (2021). The Influence of Motivation, Emotions, Cognition, and Metacognition on Students’ Learning Performance: A Comparative Study in Higher Education in Blended and Traditional Contexts. SAGE Open, 11(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211027561
Al Mamun, M. A., Lawrie, G., & Wright, T. (2022). Exploration of learner-content interactions and learning approaches: The role of guided inquiry in the self-directed online environments. Computers and Education, 178(October 2021), 104398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104398
Alibak, F., & Alibak, M. (2021). Comparing online cognitive behavioural therapy versus online positive psychotherapy, well-being theory (PERMA) on test anxiety of online learning students: A randomised control study. Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Student Services Association, 29(1), 6–17. https://doi.org/10.30688/janzssa.2021.1.08
Arzeen, N., Arzeen, S., Zeb, R., & Shah, M. (2023). The Role of Gender, Age and Education in the Emotional Responses of Parents of Children with Developmental Challenges. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(4), 4465–4473. https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2023.1104.0712
Ashraf, M. A., Mollah, S., Perveen, S., Shabnam, N., & Nahar, L. (2022). Pedagogical Applications, Prospects, and Challenges of Blended Learning in Chinese Higher Education: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(January), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772322
Aslam, S., Qayyum, A., Luqman, M., Usman, M., Hassan, Z., Gilani, S. K. H., Shoaib, M., & Nawaz, N. (2023). Examining The Impact of Teacher Absenteeism on Academic Performance Among Primary-Level Students in Faisalabad. Journal of Education and Social Studies, 4(3), 479–485. https://doi.org/10.52223/jess.2023.4307
Aydin, S., Yavuz, F., & Yeşilyurt, S. (2006). Test Anxiety in Foreign Language Learning. Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences of Balikesir University, 145–160. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/863782
Bandara, K. M. N. T., & Jayaweera, B. P. A. (2024). Commentary on the Applications of Blended Learning in the Teaching and Learning Process – A Review. Journal of Research in Education and Pedagogy, 1(2), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.70232/jrep.v1i2.10
Biney, E., & Howe, K. (2017). Perceptions Of S.H.S. Students About Teacher Absenteeism In The Komenda Edina Eguafo Abrem Municipality. In Department of Business and Social Sciences Education of the College of Education Studies Vol. 11, Issue June). University of Cape Coast.
Borgen, N. T., Markussen, S., & Raaum, O. (2024). Socioeconomic differences in the long-term effects of teacher absence on student outcomes. European Societies, 26(3), 639–667. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2023.2212744
Budiyanto. (2023). The Analysis Of Lecturers’ Role In Forming Classroom Interaction Among Students: A Case Study At Smaratungga Buddhist Study College. Tomorrow’s Education Journal, 1(1), 46–56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.58660/tej.v1i1.122
Castro-Rodríguez, M. M., Marín-Suelves, D., López-Gómez, S., & Rodríguez-Rodríguez, J. (2021). Mapping of scientific production on blended learning in higher education. Education Sciences, 11(9), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11090494
Cheng, X., Xie, H., Hong, J., Bao, G., & Liu, Z. (2022). Teacher’s Emotional Display Affects Students’ Perceptions of Teacher’s Competence, Feelings, and Productivity in Online Small-Group Discussions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(January), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.795708
Chuienko, V. (2024). Teaching Soft Skills To Computer Science Students At Foreign Language Classes. Humanities Science Current Issues, 3(71), 309–314. https://doi.org/10.24919/2308-4863/71-3-50
Conklin, S., Kim, B. O. and S., & Dikkers, A. G. (2024). Exploring the Relationships of Learners and Instructors in Online Courses. Online Learning Journal, 28(4), 257–281. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v28i4.3934
Dawadi, S. (2021). High-Stakes Test Pressure and Anxiety in the Nepalese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Learners. Journal of NELTA, 26(1–2), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v26i1-2.45379
Dekhakhena, A. (2023). Teacher Absenteeism and its Impact on EFL Acquisition in the Algerian LMD System. International Journal of Language and Education Research, 5(3), 19–45. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijler.2023.594.2
Dikmen, M. (2023). Test anxiety in online exams: scale development and validity. Current Psychology, 42(34), 30210–30222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04072-0
Elsayed, A. M., Kholikov, A., Abdullayeva, I., Al-Farouni, M., & Wodajo, M. R. (2024). Teacher support in AI-assisted exams: an experimental study to inspect the effects on demotivation, anxiety management in exams, L2 learning experience, and academic success. Language Testing in Asia, 14(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-024-00328-7
Ensmann, S., Whiteside, A., Gomez-Vasquez, L., & Sturgill, R. (2021). Connections before curriculum: The role of social presence during covid-19 emergency remote learning for students. Online Learning Journal, 25(3), 36–56. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v25i3.2868
Fan, S., Trimble, A., Kember, D., Muir, T., Douglas, T., Wang, Y., Masters, J., & Mainsbridge, C. (2023). Supporting engagement and retention of online and blended-learning students: A qualitative study from an Australian University. Australian Educational Researcher, 51(1), 403–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-022-00605-5
Faustino, A., & Kaur, I. (2021). Blended Learning Models: Perspectives’ in Higher Education. International Joint Conference on Science and Engineering 2021 (IJCSE 2021), 209(Ijcse), 185–190. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/ijcse-21/125966460
Fionasari, R. (2024). Blended Learning Environments: A Systematic Review of Effective Strategies in Educational Settings. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Sciences and Technologies, 1(2), 120–132. https://doi.org/10.62207/gn00ce77
Gao, Z., Li, X., & Liao, H. (2024). Teacher support and its impact on ESL student engagement in blended learning: The mediating effects of L2 grit and intended effort. Acta Psychologica, 248(February), 104428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104428
Ghafar, Z. N. (2022). English for Specific Purposes in English Language Teaching: Design, Development, and Environment-Related Challenges: An Overview. Canadian Journal of Language and Literature Studies, 2(6), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.53103/cjlls.v2i6.72Gong, M., & Archer, L. A. C. (2021). Emotional intelligence in educational leadership doctoral students: Examining association based on gender and age. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Higher Education, 6(1), 78–101. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1300050%0Ahttp://files/731/Gong and Archer - 2021 - Emotional Intelligence in Educational Leadership D.pdf
Hafeez, M., & Akhter, Y. (2021). Effects of Blended Learning in Comparison of Traditional Learning to Provide Safer Learning Environment- A Comparative Review. International Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences, 2(6), 1604–1615. https://doi.org/10.51601/ijersc.v2i6.209
He, L., Feng, L., & Ding, J. (2024). The Relationship between Perceived Teacher Emotional Support, Online Academic Burnout, Academic Self-Efficacy, and Online English Academic Engagement of Chinese EFL Learners. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(5542), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135542
Hoferichter, F., Kulakow, S., & Hufenbach, M. C. (2021). Support From Parents, Peers, and Teachers Is Differently Associated With Middle School Students’ Well-Being. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(December), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.758226
Huang, L., Al-Rashidi, A. H., & Bayat, S. (2024). Teacher support in language learning: a picture of the effects on language progress, academic immunity, and academic enjoyment. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01602-2
Huang, L., & Wang, D. (2023). Teacher Support, Academic Self-Efficacy, Student Engagement, and Academic Achievement in Emergency Online Learning. Behavioral Sciences, 13(9), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090704
Huttayavilaiphan, R. (2024). Digital Competence and Anxiety in Thai University English Education: Impacts on Teachers and Students. World Journal of English Language, 15(1), 225–251. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v15n1p225
Jalinus, N., Verawardina, U., Azis Nabawi, R., Darma, Y., Padang, N., Hamka, J., & Tawar Barat, A. (2021). Developing Blended Learning Model in Vocational Education Based On 21st Century Integrated Learning and Industrial Revolution 4.0. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12(9), 1276–1291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17762/TURCOMAT.V12I8.3035
Juma, A. A., & Stonier, F. (2023). Teacher Absenteeism and Poor Learning Outcome in Tanzania: Rethinking an Incentive Scheme as a Strategic Solution to the Problem. The African Review, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1163/1821889x-bja10046
Kumar, S. R., & Moral C, S. (2023). Blended Learning: Incorporating Digital Technology into the Classroom Instruction. Thiagarajar College of Preceptors Edu Spectra, 5(S1), 57–61. https://doi.org/10.34293/eduspectra.v5is1-may23.010
Li, B., Yang, X., Ismail, S. M., & Gheisari, A. (2024). Demystifying anxiety and demotivation in on-line assessment: a focus on the impacts on academic buoyancy and autonomy. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01511-w
Li, H., Zhang, M., Hou, S., Huang, B., Xu, C., Li, Z., & Si, J. (2023). Examining the dynamic links among perceived teacher support, mathematics learning engagement, and dimensions of mathematics anxiety in elementary school students: A Four-wave longitudinal study. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 75(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2023.102211
Li, X., Duan, S., & Liu, H. (2023). Unveiling the Predictive Effect of Students’ Perceived EFL Teacher Support on Academic Achievement: The Mediating Role of Academic Buoyancy. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(13), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310205
Liu, T., & Mantuhac, P. B. (2024). Teacher Support and Student Engagement in the Conduct of Blended Learning Instruction for English as A Foreign Language. Journal of Education and Educational Research, 11(2), 22–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54097/1g7q6h12
Lu, D. (2021). EFL Teachers’ Optimism and Commitment and Their Contribution to Students’ Academic Success. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(October), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752759
Martin, F., Wu, T., Wan, L., & Xie, K. (2022). A Meta-Analysis on the Community of Inquiry Presences and Learning Outcomes in Online and Blended Learning Environments. Online Learning Journal, 26(1), 325–359. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v26i1.2604
Mastour, H., Ghalibaf, A. M., & Niroumand, S. (2022). Remote Online Test Anxiety during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Crisis: A Cross-Sectional Study among Medical Students. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 24(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.32592/ircmj.2022.24.3.1645
McCarthy, S., & Palmer, E. (2023). Defining an effective approach to blended learning in higher education: A systematic review. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 39(2), 98–114. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.8489
McLure, F. I., Koul, R. B., & Fraser, B. J. (2022). University Students’ Classroom Emotional Climate and Attitudes during and after COVID-19 Lockdown. Education Sciences, 12(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/EDUCSCI12010031
Mgema, B. (2022). Teacher Absenteeism and Curriculum Implementation in Primary Schools in Nyamagana District in the Mwanza Region of Tanzania. East African Journal of Education Studies, 5(2), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajes.5.2.679
Mhlanga, D. (2021). The Fourth Industrial Revolution and COVID-19 Pandemic in South Africa: The Opportunities and Challenges of Introducing Blended Learning in Education. Journal of African Education, 2(2), 15–42. https://doi.org/10.31920/2633-2930/2021/v2n2a1
Nunoo, J., Taale, F., Sebu, J., & Adama, A. S. Y. (2023). Influence of teacher absenteeism and school distance on cognitive skills in Ghana. International Journal of Educational Development, 97, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2022.102715
O’Ceallaigh, T., Connolly, C., & O Brien, E. (2023). Hyflex Pedagogies: Nurturing teacher presence in multi-modal learning spaces post pandemic. Routledge Open Research, 2(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.12688/routledgeopenres.17674.2
Odak, I., Marušić, I., Bojić, J. M., Puzić, S., Bakić, H., Eliasson, N., Klicpera, B. G., Gøtzsche, K., Kozina, A., Perković, I., Roczen, N., Tomé, G., & Veldin, M. (2023). Teachers’ Social and Emotional Competencies: A Lever for Social and Emotional Learning in Schools. Sociologija i Prostor, 61(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.5673/sip.61.1.5
Pan, X. (2022). Exploring the multidimensional relationships between educational situation perception, teacher support, online learning engagement, and academic self-efficacy in technology-based language learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(November), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1000069
Patil, A. B. (2023). Mastering English and Soft Skills: A Journey from Campus to Corporate. Journal of the Faculty of Education, 1(17), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.60037/edu.v1i17.1190
Pelikan, E. R., Lüftenegger, M., Holzer, J., Korlat, S., Spiel, C., & Schober, B. (2021). Learning during COVID-19: the role of self-regulated learning, motivation, and procrastination for perceived competence. Zeitschrift Fur Erziehungswissenschaft, 24(2), 393–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-021-01002-x
Prakasha, G. S., Hemalathaa, K., Tamizh, P., Bhavna, B., & Kenneth, A. (2021). Online Test Anxiety and Exam Performance of International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme Students Under E-Proctored Exams Amid Covid-19. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 79(6), 942–955. https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/21.79.942
Ruzgar, N. S., & Chua-Chow, C. (2023). Perception of Students on Online Exams and How Sequential Exams and the Lockdown Browser Affect Student Anxiety and Performance. WSEAS Transactions on Computer Research, 11, 92–110. https://doi.org/10.37394/232018.2023.11.9
Sadoughi, M., & Hejazi, S. Y. (2022). Development and validation of Foreign Language Teacher Support Scale (FLTSS). Language Testing in Asia, 12(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-022-00186-1
Sadoughi, M., & Hejazi, S. Y. (2023). Teacher support, growth language mindset, and academic engagement: The mediating role of L2 grit. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 77(January 2022), 101251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2023.101251
Salter, D., Neelakandan, A., & Wuthrich, V. M. (2024). Anxiety and Teacher-Student Relationships in Secondary School: A Systematic Literature Review. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-024-01665-7
Santibañez, L., & Guarino, C. M. (2021). The Effects of Absenteeism on Academic and Social-Emotional Outcomes: Lessons for COVID-19. Educational Researcher, 50(6), 392–400. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X21994488
Shaziayani, W. N., Sarimah, S., Norsyiha, F., & Samsudin, N. (2024). the Use of Speaking Station Site for Effective Communication in Esl Classroom. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 9(54), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.953024
Sinaga, W. F., & Ningsih, H. K. (2022). Pedagogic Relations: A case study of English Language Learners in a Special Conversation Program. Prosodi, 16(1), 40–48. https://doi.org/10.21107/prosodi.v16i1.12523
Sistyawan, Y. N. I., Purnamasari, I. I., Azizah, W., & Mardiningrum, A. (2022). Teacher Talks and Their Importance for EFL Learners. JEES (Journal of English Educators Society), 7(2), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.21070/jees.v7i2.1652
Soh, M. C., Puteh, F., Mahmud, M. B., Rahim, M. A., Soegiono, A. N., & Rahmat, N. H. (2022). Investigating the Source of Motivation for Online Learning. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(1), 2189–2208. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i1/11411
Sukirman, S. (2022). The concept of “Kampus Merdeka” in the current policy of Indonesian higher education: ELT lecturers’ perspectives. Indonesian TESOL Journal, 4(1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.24256/itj.v4i1.2440
Terry, P. C., Parsons-Smith, R. L., King, R., & Terry, V. R. (2021). Influence of sex, age, and education on mood profile clusters. PLoS ONE, 16(2 February 2021), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245341
Tong, D. H., Uyen, B. P., & Ngan, L. K. (2022). The effectiveness of blended learning on students’ academic achievement, self-study skills and learning attitudes: A quasi-experiment study in teaching the conventions for coordinates in the plane. Heliyon, 8(12), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12657
Utami, P. P., & Vioreza, N. (2020). Teacher Work Productivity in Senior High School. International Journal of Instruction, 14(1), 599–614. https://doi.org/10.29333/IJI.2021.14136A
Vercruyssen, A., Schirmer, W., & Mortelmans, D. (2023). How “basic” is basic digital literacy for older adults? Insights from digital skills instructors. Frontiers in Education, 8(September), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1231701
Widodo, A., Andyastuti, E., & Suratman. (2023). The Influence of Gender and the Level of Self-Directed Learning to Learning Outcome. International Journal of Research and Review, 10(1), 674–679. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230175
Zhang, L. (2022). Gender Differences and the Moderating Role of Stress Mindset in Stressful Life Events and Well-being. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Social Development and Media Communication (SDMC 2021), 631(Sdmc 2021), 1349–1354. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220105.248
Zhonggen, Y. (2021). A meta-analysis of gender differences in e-learningoutcomes. Research Square, 1–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21203/RS.3.RS-493822/V1
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Fajar Erlangga, Dyah Rhetno Wardhani, Vickry Ramdhan, Adhityo Kuncoro

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.


