USING TWO FEEDBACK TYPES AND THEIR IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE AND MEASURING DEVELOPMENT RATIO OF BASKETBALL BASIC SKILLS
Keywords:
immediate feedback, reinforcement feedback, skill performance art, basketball skillsAbstract
Background. Feedback is a critical element in sports skill acquisition, directly influencing learning efficiency and performance quality. In basketball, immediate feedback and reinforcement feedback may differently affect the mastery of basic skills. Objective. This study aimed to examine the impact of immediate feedback and reinforcement feedback on learning selected basic basketball skills, to compare post-test results between the two feedback types, and to analyze the development ratio for each skill. Methods. An experimental design was employed involving first-year middle school students at Fayda Secondary School for Boys (academic year 2024–2025). From a population of 166 students, 40 were randomly selected and divided into two experimental groups (n=20 each). Group 1 received immediate feedback, while Group 2 received reinforcement feedback. The training lasted eight weeks, with two 45-minute sessions per week. Skills assessed included chest pass, long pass, free throw, and tapping. Pre- and post-tests measured performance and development ratios. Results. Both feedback types significantly improved skill performance. No significant difference emerged between groups in chest pass and long pass performance. However, Group 2 (reinforcement feedback) outperformed Group 1 in free throw and tapping. Development ratios were high in all skills, with minimal difference between groups for chest pass and long pass, but a marked advantage for Group 2 in free throw and tapping. Conclusions. Both immediate and reinforcement feedback positively influence basketball skill learning, with reinforcement feedback showing greater benefits for more complex skills. The findings highlight the value of tailored feedback strategies in youth basketball training and provide evidence-based recommendations for coaching practices.
References
Ahmed, M. S., Ghani, M., & Jasim, M. K. (2020). Comparative study according to the physical patterns in learning some offensive skills basketball for students. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 15, S938–S943. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.15.Proc3.45
Ali, M. S., Jaaona, T. K., & Mohammed, E. A. (2021). Effect of Using the Strategy of Similarities in Teaching Some Basic Skills of Basketball for Students of the Second Intermediate. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicologia Del Ejercicio y El Deporte, 16(1), 15–17.
Asadi, A., Daneshfar, A., Maleki, B., & Aiken, C. A. (2023). Effects of attentional focus and gaze instruction during observational learning of a basketball free-throw. Human Movement Science, 87, 103038.
Chang, K. E., Zhang, J., Huang, Y. S., Liu, T. C., & Sung, Y. T. (2020). Applying augmented reality in physical education on motor skills learning. Interactive Learning Environments, 28(6), 685–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1636073
Čoh, M., Jovanovic-Golubovic, D., & Bratic, M. (2004). Motor Learning in Sport. Physical Education and Sport, 2(1), 45–59.
Dania, A., & Harvey, S. (2020). Teaching basketball to sampling-year athletes: A game-centered and situated learning perspective. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(2), 529–538. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.02079
Hribernik, M., Umek, A., Tomažič, S., & Kos, A. (2022). Review of real-time biomechanical feedback systems in sport and rehabilitation. Sensors, 22(8), 3006.
Koester, D. (2023). The (cognitive) future of motor control and learning. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5(September), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1181808
Lei, W., Srihamee, S., & Thongkamsuk, P. (2025). USING MICROTEACHING METHOD TO IMPROVE BASKETBALL.
Leukel, C., & Gollhofer, A. (2023). Applying augmented feedback in basketball training facilitates improvements in jumping performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 23(3), 338–344.
Mödinger, M., Woll, A., & Wagner, I. (2022). Video-based visual feedback to enhance motor learning in physical education—a systematic review. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 52(3), 447–460.
Olivan, Z., Cherubini, J., & Stamatis, A. (2023). The Effect of a Division 1 Women’s Basketball Strength and Conditioning Protocol on Mental Toughness. International Journal of Exercise Science, 16. https://doi.org/10.70252/YVPI5500
Pocius, E., & Malinauskas, R. (2024). Characteristics of mental toughness in young basketball players of different age groups. Human Movement, 25(2), 128–139. https://doi.org/10.5114/hm/188585
Qin, Z., Zhong, Q., & Liu, M. (2025). Research on Basketball Technical Movement Recognition and Training Feedback System Based on Deep Learning. 2025 International Conference on Digital Analysis and Processing, Intelligent Computation (DAPIC), 641–645.
Rezaei, M., Hatami, F., & Lotfi, G. (2023). The Impact of Different Attentional Focus Strategies During Modeling on the Acquisition and Retention of Free Throws in Basketball. International Journal of Sport Studies for Health, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.5812/intjssh-135272
Robin, N., Joblet, E., Roublot, E., & Coudevylle, G. R. (2020). The beneficial effect of combining feedback, observational learning and motor imagery on football pass performance. Motricidade, 16(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.18142
Rusmana, R., Sulaiman, I., Rihatno, T., Chaniago, H., Samsudin, S., Asmawi, M., Wiradihardja, S., Bahtiar, B., Supriadi, D., & Alexe, D. I. (2023). Effects of tactical game+ encouragement on improve decision making and skill execution in basketball athletes. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología Del Ejercicio y El Deporte, 18(5), 612–617.
Sheikhzadeh, F., Abedanzadeh, R., & Hazeltine, E. (2025). Real Practice and Virtual Practice Improve Basketball Free Throwing Skill Learning in Female Students: Examining the Role of Concurrent and Delayed Feedback. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 41(3), e70034.
Truong, C., Ruffino, C., Crognier, A., Paizis, C., Crognier, L., & Papaxanthis, C. (2023). Error-based and reinforcement learning in basketball free throw shooting. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26568-2
Yousef, R. T. (2021). The effect of Active Learning in the Style of Small Groups in Developing Some Motor Abilities and Learning the Skill of Peaceful Correction with Basketball for Students. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 15(3).
Yu, S. (2021). Feedback-giving practice for L2 writing teachers: Friend or foe? Journal of Second Language Writing, 52, 100798.
Zach, S., & Furman, E. (2022). Feedback from basketball coaches: Type, quantity, and real-time outcomes. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 17(6), 1306–1316.
Zhou, Y., De Shao, W., & Wang, L. (2021). Effects of feedback on students’ motor skill learning in physical education: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126281
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Qutaiba Younus
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
