Exploring Factors That Influence Academic Hardiness Among Students in Indonesia: A Literature Review

Muhammad Rahmadhani; Prasetyo Budi Widodo

doi:10.21009/JPPP.151.04

Authors

Muhammad Rahmadhani Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
Prasetyo Budi Widodo Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21009/JPPP.151.04

Keywords:

academic hardiness, academic pressure, higher education, students

Abstract

Academic hardiness is an essential characteristic that enables university students to cope with academic pressures that may lead to psychological difficulties. Various demands in higher education, ranging from learning transitions and academic workload to time and financial management, highlight the relevance of examining the factors that contribute to the development of academic hardiness. This study aims to identify and synthesize the contributing factors to academic hardiness among university students in Indonesia. Using a traditional literature review approach, the study analyzed seven empirical articles that met the inclusion criteria from a total of 421 publications identified between 2015 and 2025. The findings indicate two major categories of factors influencing academic hardiness: personal factors and environmental factors. Personal factors include religiosity, self-concept, optimism, and self-efficacy, all of which strengthen the dimensions of commitment, challenge, and control within hardiness. Environmental factors consist of social support, particularly peer support, and the transition of learning models, both of which shape students’ adaptive capacities and sustain their resilience under pressure. These findings affirm that academic hardiness develops through the interaction between students’ internal strengths and supportive external conditions. The implications of this study underscore the importance of integrated strategies that enhance intrapersonal resources while fostering a conducive learning environment, ensuring that academic hardiness functions effectively as a protective mechanism for students’ well-being and academic success.

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