Impacts of Problem-Based Online Learning and Online Self-Efficacy on Students’ Ability in Writing Problem Solution Essays
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21009/jtp.v27i1.54179Keywords:
Problem-based online learning (PBOL), Online self-efficacy (OSE), English Writing AbilityAbstract
This research aims to determine the impact of applying problem-based online learning strategy and online self-efficacy on the EFL students’ ability in writing a problem-solution essay. This research used quasi-experimental design. It was conducted at a reputable university in Kediri City of East Java, Indonesia, involving 81 first semester students of Pharmacy study program of Health Sciences Faculty. The students were divided into 2 groups: experimental group consisting of 41 students and control group consisting of 40 students. This research showed that the experimental group can improve their ability in writing a problem-solution essay better than the control group who did not gain online self-efficacy. Thus, having been taught how to apply a problem-based online strategy and applied online self-efficacy, students can improve their ability in writing a problem-solution essay.
References
Abelsson, A., Odestrand, P., & Nygårdh, A. (2020a). To strengthen self-confidence as a step in improving prehospital youth laymen basic life support. BMC Emerg Med, 20(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-020-0304-8
Abelsson, A., Odestrand, P., & Nygårdh, A. (2020b). To strengthen self-confidence as a step in improving prehospital youth laymen basic life support. BMC Emergency Medicine, 20(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-020-0304-8
Almulla, M. A. (2020). The Effectiveness of the Project-Based Learning (PBL) Approach as a Way to Engage Students in Learning. SAGE Open, 10(3), 2158244020938702. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020938702
Bandura, A. (2023). Cultivate Self-Efficacy for Personal and Organizational Effectiveness. In Principles of Organizational Behavior (pp. 113–135). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394320769.ch6
Bate, E., Hommes ,Juliette, Duvivier ,Robbert, & and Taylor, D. C. M. (2014). Problem-based learning (PBL): Getting the most out of your students – Their roles and responsibilities: AMEE Guide No. 84. Medical Teacher, 36(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2014.848269
Chang, T.-S., Wang, H.-C., Haynes, A. M., Song, M.-M., Lai, S.-Y., & Hsieh, S.-H. (2022). Enhancing student creativity through an interdisciplinary, project-oriented problem-based learning undergraduate curriculum. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 46, 101173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101173
Delıta, F., Berutu, N., & Nofrıon, N. (2022). ONLINE LEARNING: THE EFFECTS OF USING E-MODULES ON SELF-EFFICACY, MOTIVATION AND LEARNING OUTCOMES. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 23(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1182760
Foo, C., Cheung, B., & Chu, K. (2021). A comparative study regarding distance learning and the conventional face-to-face approach conducted problem-based learning tutorial during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Med Educ, 21(1), 141. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02575-1
Friedman, R. S., & Deek, F. P. (2002). The integration of problem-based learning and problem-solving tools to support distributed education environments. 32nd Annual Frontiers in Education, 2, F3E-F3E. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2002.1158197
Herianto, Ikhsan ,Jaslin, & and Purwastuti, L. A. (n.d.). STEM-EDELCY learning model: A conceptual and pedagogical framework to facilitate students to develop 21st-century skills. Education 3-13, 0(0), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2024.2330949
Kelson, A. C. M., & Distlehorst, L. H. (2000). Groups in Problem-Based Learning (PBL): Essential Elements in Theory and Practice. In Problem-based Learning. Routledge.
Lu, D., & Xie, Y.-N. (2024). The application of educational technology to develop problem-solving skills: A systematic review. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 51, 101454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101454
Matlala, S. (n.d.). Educators’ perceptions and views of problem-based learning through simulation. Curationis, 44(1), 2094. https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v44i1.2094
Maulida, F. I. (2023). Efektivitas Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) Berbasis Etnomatematika Melalui Permainan Tradisional Engklek Terhadap Minat Belajar Matematika Siswa [Undergraduate, IAIN Kediri]. https://etheses.iainkediri.ac.id/9467/
Rigopouli, K., Kotsifakos, D., & Psaromiligkos, Y. (2025). Vygotsky’s Creativity Options and Ideas in 21st-Century Technology-Enhanced Learning Design. Education Sciences, 15(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15020257
Rohm, A. J., Stefl, M., & Ward, N. (2021). Future Proof and Real-World Ready: The Role of Live Project-Based Learning in Students’ Skill Development. Journal of Marketing Education, 43(2), 204–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/02734753211001409
Sakamaki, K., Taguri, M., Nishiuchi, H., Akimoto, Y., & Koizumi, K. (2022). Experience of distance education for project-based learning in data science. Japanese Journal of Statistics and Data Science, 5(2), 757–767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42081-022-00154-2
Seruni, R., Munawaroh, S., Kurniadewi, F., & Nurjayadi, M. (2020). Implementation of e-module flip PDF professional to improve students’ critical thinking skills through problem based learning. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 1521(4), 042085. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1521/4/042085
Tetri, B., & and Juujärvi, S. (2022). Self-Efficacy, Internet Self-Efficacy, and Proxy Efficacy as Predictors of the Use of Digital Social and Health Care Services Among Mental Health Service Users in Finland: A Cross-Sectional Study. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 291–303. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S340867
The integration of problem-based learning and problem-solving tools to support distributed education environments | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore. (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2025, from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1158197
Vygotsky, L. S., & Cole, M. (1978). Mind in Society: Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press.
Yew, E. H. J., & Schmidt, H. G. (2012). What students learn in problem-based learning: A process analysis. Instructional Science, 40(2), 371–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-011-9181-6
Yunus, Muhammad. Punaji Setyosari. Sugeng Utaya. Dedi Kuswandi. (2021) The Influence of Online Project Collaborative Learning and Achievement Motivation on Problem-Solution Ability. Vol. 10, No. 2.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Pamadya Vitasmoro, Muhamad Maftuhan, Jatmiko, Nimas Ayu Rahardini, Zaudah Cyly Arrum Dalu

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan is an Open Access Journal. The authors who publish the manuscript in Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan agree to the following terms.
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
-
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
- You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
- No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.




