Development of a ChatGPT Integration Framework in the Informatics Curriculum to Support AI-Augmented Learning in Secondary Education
Keywords:
ChatGPT, AI-Augmented Learning, Informatics Curriculum, Framework, LearningAbstract
This study aims to develop a conceptual framework for integrating ChatGPT into the informatics curriculum to support AI-augmented learning in secondary education. Although ChatGPT offers significant potential, its use in classrooms is often unstructured and not fully aligned with curriculum goals. This study adopts a conceptual research approach based on a systematic review of literature published between 2019 and 2025. Relevant sources, including journal articles and conference proceedings, were analyzed using content analysis to identify key themes and patterns. These findings were then synthesized to construct a coherent framework grounded in both technological and pedagogical perspectives. The results show that the proposed framework consists of five interconnected components: input, process, AI role, learning strategies, and output. Within this framework, ChatGPT serves as a tutor, assistant, and evaluator, supporting more interactive and student-centered learning experiences. The integration of ChatGPT also contributes to the development of higher-order thinking skills, computational thinking, and learner autonomy. Overall, this study offers a practical and structured guideline for educators to integrate ChatGPT into informatics learning while maintaining alignment with educational objectives and pedagogical principles.
References
Aleven, V., McLaughlin, E. A., Glenn, R. A., & Koedinger, K. R. (2017). Instruction based on adaptive feedback. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 27(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-016-0107-0
Baidoo-Anu, D., & Owusu Ansah, L. (2023). Education in the era of generative AI: Understanding the potential of ChatGPT. Education and Information Technologies, 28, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11807-5
Baker, R. S., & Inventado, P. S. (2014). Educational data mining and learning analytics. In J. A. Larusson & B. White (Eds.), Learning analytics: From research to practice (pp. 61–75). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3305-7_4
Bond, M., Zawacki-Richter, O., & Nichols, M. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: A systematic review. Educational Technology & Society, 22(3), 1–15.
Chen, L., Chen, P., & Lin, Z. (2020). Artificial intelligence in education: A review. IEEE Access, 8, 75264–75278. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2988510
D’Mello, S., & Graesser, A. (2012). Dynamics of affective states during complex learning. Learning and Instruction, 22(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2011.10.001
Dwivedi, Y. K., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., Slade, E. L., Jeyaraj, A., Kar, A. K., Baabdullah, A. M., Koohang, A., Raghavan, V., & Ahuja, M. (2023). So what if ChatGPT wrote it? Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 71, 102642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642
Finnie-Ansley, J., Denny, P., Becker, B. A., Luxton-Reilly, A., & Prather, J. (2022). The robots are coming: Exploring the implications of OpenAI Codex on introductory programming. In Proceedings of the 24th Australasian Computing Education Conference (pp. 10–19). https://doi.org/10.1145/3511861.3511863
Graesser, A. C., McNamara, D. S., & VanLehn, K. (2005). Scaffolding deep comprehension strategies through intelligent tutoring technologies. Educational Psychologist, 40(4), 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep4004_4
Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and implications for teaching and learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 67(5), 1235–1243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-019-09685-3
Holmes, W., Persson, J., Chounta, I. A., Wasson, B., & Dimitrova, V. (2022). Artificial intelligence and education: A critical view through the lens of human-centered learning. Computers and Education, 180, 104444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104444
Hwang, G. J., & Tu, Y. F. (2021). Roles and research trends of artificial intelligence in education: A review of recent developments. Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100028
Jabareen, Y. (2009). Building a conceptual framework: Philosophy, definitions, and procedure. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(4), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690900800406
Kasneci, E., Sessler, K., Küchemann, S., Bannert, M., Dementieva, D., Fischer, F., Gasser, U., Groh, G., Günnemann, S., & Kasneci, G. (2023). ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education. Learning and Individual Differences, 103, 102274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102274
Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Kumar, V., & Rose, C. P. (2023). Conversational AI in education: Applications and challenges. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 61(2), 345–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331221145380
Lo, C. K. (2023). What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences, 13(4), 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
Luckin, R., Holmes, W., Griffiths, M., & Forcier, L. B. (2016). Intelligence unleashed: An argument for AI in education. Pearson.
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT. https://openai.com/chatgpt
Piaget, J. (1970). Science of education and the psychology of the child. Orion Press.
Roll, I., & Wylie, R. (2016). Evolution and revolution in artificial intelligence in education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 26(2), 582–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-016-0110-5
Schunk, D. H. (2012). Learning theories: An educational perspective (6th ed.). Pearson.
Shin, D. (2021). The effects of artificial intelligence on user experience in education. Computers in Human Behavior, 121, 106800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106800
Tang, Y., & Tsai, C. C. (2022). The role of artificial intelligence literacy in education. Computers & Education, 186, 104534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104534
Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M. A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D. T., Huang, R., & Agyemang, B. (2023). What if the devil is my guardian angel? ChatGPT as a case study of generative artificial intelligence in education. Smart Learning Environments, 10(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Woolf, B. P. (2020). Building intelligent interactive tutors: Student-centered strategies for revolutionizing e-learning. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 30(2), 250–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-020-00206-8
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. Educational Psychologist, 35(1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3501_2
Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2
Crompton, H., Burke, D., & Gregory, K. H. (2023). The use of artificial intelligence in higher education: A systematic review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100120
Khalil, M., & Er, E. (2023). Will ChatGPT get you caught? Rethinking of plagiarism detection. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 19(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-023-00140-5
Lim, W. M., Gunasekara, A. N., Pallant, J. I., Pallant, J. L., & Pechenkina, E. (2023). Generative AI and the future of education: A systematic review of ChatGPT. Interactive Learning Environments. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2253857
Popenici, S. A. D., & Kerr, S. (2017). Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on teaching and learning in higher education. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-017-0062-8
Selwyn, N. (2019). Should robots replace teachers? AI and the future of education. Learning, Media and Technology, 44(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2019.1568795
Williamson, B., & Eynon, R. (2020). Historical threads, missing links, and future directions in AI in education. Learning, Media and Technology, 45(3), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2020.1798995
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jereld Agra Yodha Eriano, Rusijono

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan is an Open Access Journal. The authors who publish the manuscript in Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan agree to the following terms.
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
-
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
- You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
- No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.




