Bridging the Theory-Practice Gap: Exploring Instructors’ Perceptions of Multimodal Hypercontent E-Modules for Firearms Training in Military Schools

Authors

  • Ardiyan Eko Saputro Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
  • Akhmad Arif Musadad Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
  • Triana Rejekiningsih Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21009/jtp.v28i2.70361

Keywords:

Hypercontent E-modules, multimodal learning, instructors’ perceptions, military education, firearms training

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze instructors’ perceptions of the use of Multimodal Hypercontent E-Modules in teaching firearms knowledge and shooting skills at military schools. The study employed a quantitative approach with a descriptive survey design. The participants consisted of five firearms knowledge and shooting skills instructors at the Indonesian Air Force Officer Formation School (Setukpa TNI AU), who were selected using total sampling. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire developed based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), consisting of the dimensions of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceptions of multimodal-hypercontent features. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean scores, standard deviations, and percentages. The results showed that instructors had a very high perception of the use of Multimodal Hypercontent E-Modules, with an overall mean score of 3.60 (90.00%). The multimodal-hypercontent dimension obtained the highest score (M = 3.75), followed by perceived usefulness (M = 3.55) and perceived ease of use (M = 3.50). These findings indicated that instructors perceived E-modules as useful, easy to use, and potentially supportive of procedural skills learning through the integration of various information representations. The multimodal and hypercontent features were perceived as capable of connecting theoretical materials with procedural visualizations that approximated real-world practice conditions. Overall, Multimodal Hypercontent E-Modules were perceived as having the potential to support digital learning innovations in military education contexts, particularly for high-risk procedural skills training.

References

Andayani, Prabowo, S., Gafur, A., Situmorang, R., & Setiawan, B. (2024). Student Perceptions of Desired Learning Media Technology Development. JTP - Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 26(2), 642–656. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/JTP2001.6

Beeler, N., Ziegler, E., Volz, A., Navarini, A., & Kapur, M. (2023). The effects of procedural and conceptual knowledge on visual learning. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 29, 1243–1263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-023-10304-0

Bruzzone, A. G., & Massei, M. (2017). Simulation-Based Military Training. In S. Mittal, U. Durak, & T. Ören (Eds.), Guide to Simulation-Based Disciplines: Advancing Our Computational Future (pp. 315–361). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61264-5_14

Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008

Drajati, N. A., Andayani, & Wijaya, S. A. (2025). Professional development on bilingual digital multimodal composing: Indonesian teachers’ stories. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism.

Fei, V. L. (2024). The future of TESOL with multimodality. International Journal of TESOL Studies.

Hasibuan, E. S., & Wibowo, K. T. (2024). Senjata Api dan Tanggungjawab Profesi Polri-Jejak Pustaka. Jejak Pustaka.

Knobovitch, R., Tokuno, J., Botelho, F., Fried, H., Carver, T., & Fried, G. (2025). Virtual Reality Training Improves Procedural Skills in Mannequin-Based Simulation in Medical Students: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Surgical Innovation, 32, 364–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/15533506251334693

Kooijman, K., Kleygrewe, L., Kennedy, D. J., de Vries, R., Oudejans, R. R. D., & Hutter, R. I. V. (2025). What triggers involuntary firearms discharges? – A scoping review. Applied Ergonomics, 129, 104566. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104566

Liesa-Orús, M., Latorre‐Cosculluela, C., Sierra-Sánchez, V., & Vazquez-Toledo, S. (2022). Links between ease of use, perceived usefulness and attitudes towards technology in older people in university: A structural equation modelling approach. Education and Information Technologies, 28, 2419–2436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11292-1

Mayer, R. (2024). The Past, Present, and Future of the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning. Educational Psychology Review, 36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09842-1

Mayer, R. E. (2021). Multimedia Learning (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Mills, K. A., Brown, A., & Moro, C. (2025). Virtual and augmented reality text environments support self-directed multimodal reading. Interactive Learning Environments.

Muhadi, M., Jarir, J., Khairina, K., Rajuna, R., & Prasetyo, E. (2025). Evaluasi perencanaan desain pembelajaran, pelaksanaan proses kegiatan pembelajaran, dan evaluasi instrumen hasil pembelajaran. Edu Society: Jurnal Pendidikan, Ilmu Sosial Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 5(2), 156–165.

Pillai, P., Manchakkal, A., T.S, R., Saju, N., T.V, D., & K.M, V. (2026). An AI-Enabled Adaptive Visualization Approach to Overcoming Cognitive Barriers in Technical Terminology Learning. International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering and Management (IRJAEM). https://doi.org/10.47392/irjaem.2026.0231

Qiu, Y., Isusi-Fagoaga, R., & García-Aracil, A. (2023). Perceptions and use of metaverse in higher education: A descriptive study in China and Spain. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence.

Radianti, J., Majchrzak, T. A., Fromm, J., & Wohlgenannt, I. (2020). A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: Design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda. Computers & Education, 147, 103778.

Rahate, A., Walambe, R., Ramanna, S., & Kotecha, K. (2021). Multimodal Co-learning: Challenges, Applications with Datasets, Recent Advances and Future Directions. Inf. Fusion, 81, 203–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2021.12.003

Ramadhan, M. R., Fahmi, M. I. N., & Hasanah, S. M. (2022). Augmented Reality Visualization through Multirepresentations Approach in Chemistry Based on Qur’anic to Improve Cognitive Learning Outcomes. JTP - Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 24(2), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.21009/JTP2001.6

Scherer, R., Siddiq, F., & Tondeur, J. (2019). The technology acceptance model (TAM): A meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach. Computers & Education.

Selano, Y. P., Sutimin, L. A., & Sumaryati, S. (2024). Web-Based E-Module with a Project Based Learning Approach to Improve Computational Thinking Skills of High School Students. Journal of Education Technology, 8(4), 763–775.

Simbolon, R., Saragih, A. H., & Situmorang, J. (2021). Development of Hypercontent Based Learning Model for High School Students. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1811(1), 012122.

Sukmawati, F., Santosa, E. B., & Rejekiningsih, T. (2023). Virtual Reality-Based Learning about" Animals Recognition" and Its Influence on Students’ Understanding. JTP-Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 25(2), 269–284.

Syahrial, Arial, Kurniawan, A. D., & Piyana, S. O. (2019). E-Modul Etnokontruktivisme: Implementasi Pada Kelas V Sekolah Dasar ditinjau dari Persepsi, Minat, dan Motivasi. JTP - Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 21(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21009/jtp.v21i2.11030

Tjorven, S., Nora, M., Jost, S., Mathilde, G., & Kristina, F. (2026). The role of digital teaching methods in supporting practical skills training in the academic training of health professions – a scoping review. BMC Medical Education, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-08785-9

Trente, A., Dubecq, C., Habas, S., Castel, F., Malgras, B., Travers, S., & Pasquier, P. (2026). Epidemiology of Deaths and Injuries in Special Operations Forces: A Systematic Review. Military Medicine, 191(5–6), e974–e983. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaf495

US Army Safety Center. (2022). Fiscal Year 2022 Annual Assessment of the Army Safety Program. Departement of the Army.

Downloads

Published

2026-08-28

How to Cite

Saputro, A. E., Musadad, A. A., & Rejekiningsih, T. (2026). Bridging the Theory-Practice Gap: Exploring Instructors’ Perceptions of Multimodal Hypercontent E-Modules for Firearms Training in Military Schools. JTP - Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 28(2), 647–659. https://doi.org/10.21009/jtp.v28i2.70361