EVALUATION OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN CONE RESISTANCE VALUES (qc) AND N-SPT VALUE USING STATISTICAL METHODS IN COASTAL AREAS AROUND THE SEI PERCUT RIVER, NORTH SUMATRA

Bayu Wintoro; Amirah Zakiyyah; Anna Dewi

doi:10.21009/jpensil.v15i2.65872

Authors

Bayu Wintoro Civil Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Jalan Gegerkalong Hilir, Kec. Parongpong, West Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia
Amirah Zakiyyah Civil Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Jalan Gegerkalong Hilir, Kec. Parongpong, West Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia
Anna Dewi Civil Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Jalan Gegerkalong Hilir, Kec. Parongpong, West Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21009/jpensil.v15i2.65872

Keywords:

Correlation, N-SPT Value, qc-CPT, Statistical Test

Abstract

When designing the substructure of a building or infrastructure, it is essential to use soil parameters obtained from both laboratory and field investigations. These parameters help assess actual ground conditions and estimate reliable bearing capacity on-site. Two common field tests used for this purpose are the Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and the Standard Penetration Test (SPT). This study explores the correlation between the results of these two methods, aiming to achieve more efficient and cost-effective soil analysis. The analysis draws on data from a total of 16 points of field investigation—8 from SPT and 8 from CPT—conducted across the research area. The statistical testing show that both the correlation coefficient (R) and the coefficient of determination (R²) are close to 1, indicating a strong relationship. Specifically, the linear model produced values of 0.931 for R and 0.866 for R²; the quadratic model yielded 0.932 and 0.868; and the cubic model gave 0.950 for R and 0.903 for R². The t-test results also indicate that the N-SPT is statistically significant influence on the qc across all models. The derived correlation equations between N-SPT and qc are as follows: Linear model: N-SPT = 0.208 qc + 1.004, Quadratic model: N-SPT = 0.0002 qc² + 0.1859 qc + 1.205, and Cubic model: N-SPT = 0.00001 qc³ - 0.036 qc² + 0.4018 qc + 0.1323.

References

Alam, M., Aaqib, M., Sadiq, S., Mandokhail, S. J., Adeel, M. B., Maqsood-Ur-Rehman, & Kakar, N. A. (2018). Empirical SPT-CPT correlation for soils from Lahore, Pakistan. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 414(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/414/1/012015

Alielahi, H., Mousavi, D., & addin Nadernia, Z. (2023). Statistical Assessment of Bearing Capacity of Cast-In-Situ Bored Piles Using Direct CPT and SPT Methods: A Case Study. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 53(3), 698–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-022-00690-4

Amran, Y., & Permadi, I. (2021). Analisis Perubahan Sifat Mekanis Tanah Gambut pada Stabilisasi Tanah Secara Kimiawi Menggunakan Difasoil Stabilizer dan Semen. TAPAK: Teknologi Aplikasi Konstruksi, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.24127/tp.v10i2.1585

Arifuzzaman, & Anisuzzaman, M. (2022). An initiative to correlate the SPT and CPT data for an alluvial deposit of Dhaka city. International Journal of Geo-Engineering, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-021-00170-3

Arisandi, D., Apriyanti, Y., & Fahriani, F. (2017). Analisis Korelasi Nilai NSPT Dengan Nilai Tahanan Konus Sondir Menggunakan Metode Statistika. Jurnal Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik Universitas Bangka Belitung, 5, 1–10.

Bowles, J. E. (1997). Foundation Analysis and Design International Fifth Edition. In Civil Engineering Materials.

Costa, Y. D., & Cunha, E. S. (2016). Correlations between SPT and CPT data for a sedimentary tropical silty sand deposit in Brazil. Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterisation 5. https://www.issmge.org/publications/online-library

Costa, Y. D., Cunha, E. S., Costa, C. L., & Pereira, A. C. (2016). Correlations Between SPT And CPT Data For Sedimentary Tropical Silty Sand Deposit in Brazil. International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. https://www.issmge.org/publications/online-library

Faivre, Y., Mirzaghorbanali, A., Nourizadeh, H., Shokri, B. J., Mcdougall, K., & Aziz, N. (2023). SPT-CPT correlation in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Resource Operators Conference, 268–279. https://ro.uow.edu.au/coalhttps://ro.uow.edu.au/coal/884

Fauzi, A., Afif, A., Lastiasih, Y., & Wahyudi, H. (2025). Numerical Analysis of EPS Geofoam as Lightweight Embankment Fill on Soft Soil: Case Study of Patimban Access Toll Road, Package 3. Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 5, 540–553. https://doi.org/10.55324/iss.v5i1.1004

Feda Aral, I., & Gunes, E. (2017). Correlation of Standard and Cone Penetration Tests: Case Study from Tekirdag (Turkey). IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 245(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/245/3/032028

Felić, H., Marzouk, I., & Tschuchnigg, F. (2025). A Data-Driven Approach For Soil Parameter Determination Using Supervised Machine Learning. In L. Zhongqiang, J. Dai, & K. Robinson (Eds.), International Symposium on Geotechnical Safety and Risk (ISGSR) (pp. 729–733). https://doi.org/10.3850/GRF-25280825_isgsr-156-P210-cd

Geotechnics, O. G., Supervisor, G., Gudmund, :, & Eiksund, R. (2014). Correlation between SPT and CPT.

Güner, A. B. S., & Özgan, E. (2025). Statistical Analysis of Soil Parameters Affecting the Bearing Capacity and Settlement Behaviour of Gravel Soils. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 15(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105271

Haifani, A. M. (2021). Developing New Relationship between Standard Penetration, Cone Penetration Test and Sleeve Friction in Various Soil Type (Vol. 48, Number 4).

Ifat, Md. B. H., & Rahman, Md. A. (2024). Correlation Between SPT and CPT of Various Soil Types in Padma River at Mawa (Downstream Side) Near Padma Bridge. International Conference on Advances in CivilEngineering (ICACE2024), 1391–1398. https://icace2024.cuet.ac.bd

Izzo, M. Z., & Miletić, M. (2019). Sustainable improvement of the crack resistance of cohesive soils. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205806

Jarantow, S. W., Pisors, E. D., & Chiu, M. L. (2023). Introduction to the Use of Linear and Nonlinear Regression Analysis in Quantitative Biological Assays. Current Protocols, 3(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/cpz1.801

Jarushi, F., & Cosentino, P. (2015). A New Correlation between SPT and CPT for Various Soils. International Journal of Environmental, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering, 9, 101–107. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1099380

Jarushi, F., Hasan, M., Hammouda, S. S., & Kenshel, O. (2025). Comparison of Soil Properties obtained from In-Situ Tests and Laboratory: Case Study of shallow Foundation. World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering. https://doi.org/10.11159/icgre25.160

Kar, A., & Ansary, M. A. (2023). Bearing capacity estimation of driven piles based on CPT and validated by static load tests. In Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB) (Vol. 51, Number 1).

Karthik, N., Jeyapriya, S. P., & Rama, M. (2025). Large Language Model Based Prediction of SPT N value from Electrical Resistivity Correlations. Indian Journal Of Science And Technology, 18(46), 3640–3657. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v18i46.1300

Lee, L. C., & Sino, H. (2024). A Critical Review of Soil Sampling and Data Analysis Strategies for Source Tracing of Soil in Forensic Investigations. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 54(8), 3520–3558. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2023.2253473

Mangidi, U., Minmahddun, A., Ngii, E., Sriyani, R., & Sulha. (2023). Prediction of SPT Value Based on Cone Penetration Test at Intake Water Project of Wolo River, Southeast Sulawesi. Indonesian Geotechnical Journal, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.56144/igj.v2i1.33

Marzouk, I., Oberhollenzer, S., & Tschuchnigg, F. (2023). An Automated System For Determining Soil Parameters: Case Study. Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, 3. https://www.issmge.org/publications/online-library

M.Das, B. (2002). Principles of Foundation Engineering. In McGraw-Hill handbooks.

Metboki, M. (2024). Pengujian Berdasarkan SNI Untuk Mengetahui Sifat Fisik dan Mekanis Tanah. Ahsana: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 2(2), 40–43. https://doi.org/10.59395/ahsana.v2i2.337

Miranda, E. F., Sasongko, R. A., Cambodia, M., & Pratiwi, D. (2025). Characteristics of Soil Layers Based on Cone Penetration Test (CPT) for a Planned Villa Development (Case Study: Cisarua, Bogor). Journal of Civil Engineering and Planning, 6(2), 248–258. https://doi.org/10.37253/jcep.v6i2.11778

Nabila, A. T., Sayeed, N., Karim, R., Shahin, H. M., & Islam, S. (2023). Correlation of SPT-N & CPT Parameters of Dhaka Soil. World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering. https://doi.org/10.11159/icgre23.111

Nahesson, P., Suhairiani, S., Enny, K. S., & Samuel, A. S. (2022). Distribution Pattern of Soil Bearing Capacity on the Island of Sumatra using Field Testing Data from Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Method. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2193(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2193/1/012090

Okodugha, D. A., Omenaimen, I., Ikhazuagbe, O., & Aligamhe, V. I. (2025). Evaluating the Geotechnical Properties of Soil at Ughiole, Aviele, Edo State, Nigeria. European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology, 2025(3), 71–74.

Pande, P., Giri, J., Raut, J., Sabeur, H., Bhagat, R., & Azizi, M. (2025). Real-time prediction of soil bearing capacity in clayey soils using drilling parameters and statistical modeling. Scientific Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19767-0

Paul, I. K., Abedin, M. Z., & Saha, P. (2025). Penetration Test Parameters and Their Correlations for Different USCS Classes of Soil from Selected Locations of Bangladesh. Discover Civil Engineering, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-025-00315-8

Pinto, J. M. R., Sert, S., & Arslan, E. (2025, December). Calibration of Undrained Parameters with Plaxis Soiltest Module based on Laboratory Triaxial Testing of a Fine-Grained Soil. EGE 14th International Conference on Applied Sciences.

Shahgholian, R., Ferreira, C., & da Fonseca, A. V. (2022). Correlation between SPT and CPT tests in liquefiable deposits. Cone Penetration Testing 2022 - Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, CPT 2022, 683–689. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003308829-100

Sudjatmiko, E. T. (2022). SPT and CPT Correlation of Expansive Clay in Cikarang, Indonesia. Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum, 245–256. https://doi.org/10.22146/jcef.3458

Temitope, F. E., Blessing, B. O., & Olabanji, O. A. (2023). Geophysical And Geotechnical Pre-Foundation SiteInvestigation For Engineering Construction Purpose. IOSR Journal Of Applied Geology And Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG), 11. https://doi.org/10.9790/0990-1106012435

Wadi, D., Ahmed, H. E., Malik, I., Wu, W., & Fuad, A. (2025). Assessment of soil liquefaction potential using the standard penetration test at Port Sudan. University of Zawia Journal of Engineering Sciences and Technology, 3(1), 118–135. https://doi.org/10.26629/uzjest.2025.10

Zhou, H., Wotherspoon, L. M., Hayden, C., Mcgann, C. R., Stolte, A., & Haycock, I. (2021). Applicability of empirical SPT-CPT correlations for New Zealand soils. NZGS Symposium, 1–9.