HERITAGE TOURISM REVITALIZATION AND URBAN AIR QUALITY: ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL TRADE-OFFS IN URBAN DISTRICTS

Andri Wibowo

doi:10.21009/jpensil.v15i2.66201

Authors

Andri Wibowo Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Jalan Bondowoso 2, Malang, Jawa Timur, 65117, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21009/jpensil.v15i2.66201

Keywords:

air pollution, Greenship, Heritage Revitalization, Sustainable Tourism, Urban Air Quality

Abstract

Urban heritage revitalization has increasingly been adopted as a strategy to stimulate economic growth and enhance city attractiveness through tourism development. However, such functional transformations may also generate environmental pressures, particularly on urban air quality, creating potential trade-offs between economic benefits and environmental sustainability. This study aims to assess the impact of heritage tourism revitalization on air pollutant concentrations and to identify the key factors contributing to air quality degradation in urban districts. A mixed-methods case study was conducted through indoor–outdoor air quality measurements, field observations, interviews, and documentation in the Kayutangan heritage corridor, Malang City, Indonesia, serving as an empirical setting. Data were analyzed using the Miles–Huberman model and Greenship Existing Building version 1.1 parameters focusing on Indoor Health and Comfort. The results indicate that increased traffic density, tourist activity, and commercial operations significantly elevated CO₂, TVOC, and formaldehyde concentrations, with several measurements exceeding recommended health standards. These findings demonstrate the environmental trade-offs associated with heritage tourism revitalization and highlight the need for integrated transportation management, emission control, and continuous air quality monitoring to ensure sustainable urban development.

References

Al-mudhaf, A., Humood, F., & Nabeel, M. (2013). Indoor and Outdoor Volatile Organic Compounds at Office Buildings in Kuwait. Air, Soil and Water Research, 6(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/ASWR.S12153

Alonso-blanco, E., Gómez-moreno, F. J., Díaz-ramiro, E., Fernández, J., Coz, E., Yagüe, C., Román-cascón, C., Gómez-garre, D., Narros, A., Borge, R., & Artíñano, B. (2025). Indoor / Outdoor Particulate Matter and Related Pollutants in a Sensitive Public Building in Madrid ( Spain ). Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(1175), 1–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph 22081175 Copyright:

Alvarado-Alvarado, A. A., Smets, W., Irga, P., Vandeweghe, S., & Denys, S. (2025). Acclimatization and real-time performance of botanical biofilters eliminating indoor volatile organic compounds using SIFT-MS. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 500, 140449. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140449

Andriani, T. (2011). Permainan Tradisional Dalam Membentuk Karakter Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Sosial Budaya, 9(1), 121–136. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/40427-ID-permainan-tradisional-dalam-membentuk-karakter-anak-usia-dini.pdf

ASHRAE. (2020). ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1–2019: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.

Bacos, I. B., Veres, C., Curta, P. A., Gabor, M. R., & Oltean, F. D. (2024). Impacts of Air Pollution on Community Well-Being in the Tourism Sector : A Comprehensive Literature Review. MDPI - Sustainability, 16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ su162310752 Academic

Borrego, C., Tchepel, O., Costa, A. M., Martins, H., Ferreira, J., & Miranda, A. (2006). Traffic-related particulate air pollution exposure in urban areas. Atmospheric Environment - ATMOS ENVIRON, 40, 7205–7214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.020

Challoner, A., & Gill, L. (2014). Indoor/Outdoor air pollution relationships in ten commercial buildings: PM2.5 and NO2. Building and Environment, 80, 159–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.05.032

Choi, Y.-K., Song, H., Jo, J.-W., Bang, S.-W., Park, B.-H., Kim, H.-H., Kim, K.-J., Jeong, N.-R., Kim, J.-H., & Kim, H. (2021). Morphological and Chemical Evaluations of Leaf Surface on Particulate Matter2.5 (PM2.5) Removal in a Botanical Plant-Based Biofilter System. Plants, 10, 2761. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122761

DieselNet. (2024). European Union emission: Cars and Light Trucks. Dieselnet. https://dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.php

Elhadad, S. M., Shalaby, E. A., Saleh, I. H., & Omar, M. Y. (2025). Comparative evaluation of air phytoremediation potential of four ornamental potted plants for ecofriendly biofilter applications. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 45659. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-30145-8

Eusébio, C., Carneiro, M. J., Madaleno, M., Robaina, M., Rodrigues, V., Russo, M., Relvas, H., Gama, C., Lopes, M., Seixas, V., Borrego, C., & Monteiro, A. (2020). The impact of air quality on tourism: a systematic literature review. Journal of Tourism Futures, 7(1), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-06-2019-0049

Eusébio, C., Rodrigues, V., Carneiro, M. J., Madaleno, M., Robaina, M., & Monteiro, A. (2023). The role of air quality for reaching tourism environmental sustainability: A segmentation approach based on visitors’ pro-environmental behaviors. International Journal of Tourism Research, 25(4), 455–473. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2583

Faghrezi, M., & Setiawan, P. R. (2022). Arahan Pengembangan Koridor Basuki Rahmat Kawasan Kayutangan Kota Malang sebagai Heritage Tourism. Jurnal Teknik ITS, 11. https://doi.org/10.12962/j23373539.v11i3.96865

Fan, W., Li, Y., Upreti, B. R., Liu, Y., Li, H., Fan, W., & Lim, E. T. K. (2022). Big Data for Big Insights : Quantifying the Adverse Effect of Air Pollution on the Tourism Industry in China. Journal of Travel Research, 61(8), 1947 –1966. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/004728752110472

Gu, Y., Liu, B., Meng, H., Song, S., Dai, Q., Shi, L., Feng, Y., & Hopke, P. K. (2023). Source apportionment of consumed volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 459, 132138. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132138

Guo, Y., Zhu, L., Zhang, L., Tang, X., Li, X., Ge, Y., Li, F., & Yang, J. (2024). Temporal Variation and Industry-Specific Differences of the Use of Volatile Organic Compounds from 2018 to 2023 and Their Health Risks in a Typical Industrially Concentrated Area in South China. Toxics, 12(634). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ toxics12090634 Academic

Infrastructure Australia. (2020). Light Vehicle Emission Standards for Cleaner Air (Issue October). Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications.

Jack, D. W., & Kinney, P. L. (2010). Health co-benefits of climate mitigation in urban areas. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2(3), 172–177. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.06.007

Junlin, A., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., & Zhu, B. (2017). Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds in an Urban Environment at the Yangtze River Delta, China. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0371-3

Khubiyah, V. I., Soeroso, A., & Widiyanto, N. (2025). Peran Pemangku Kepentingan Dalam Pengembangan Pusaka Kota Kawasan Kayutangan Malang Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata. Jurnal Manajemen Perhotelan Dan Pariwisata, 8(1), 44–48.

Krisdiyanto, A. (2024). Comprehensive Review Menilai Manfaat Lingkungan dari Integrasi Transportasi Perkotaan : Tinjauan Komprehensif. Science and Applied Journal (SIAP), 1(1), 41–49.

Li, J., Chen, S., Zhong, J., Lin, S., Pang, S., Tu, Q., & Agranovski, I. (2024). Removal of formaldehyde from indoor air by potted Sansevieria trifasciata plants: dynamic influence of physiological traits on the process. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(54), 62983–62996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-35366-4

Liu, Z., Qiu, Z., & Zhai, J. (2026). Determinants of traffic-related BC and PM1 exposure variability in urban functional zones. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 17(1), 102714. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2025.102714

López-Aparicio, S., Smolík, J., Mašková, L., Součková, M., Grøntoft, T., Ondráčková, L., & Stankiewicz, J. (2011). Relationship of indoor and outdoor air pollutants in a naturally ventilated historical building envelope. Building and Environment, 46(7), 1460–1468. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.01.013

Morawska, L., Allen, J., Bahnfleth, W., Bluyssen, P. M., Boerstra, A., Buonanno, G., Cao, J., Dancer, S. J., Floto, A., Franchimon, F., Greenhalgh, T., Haworth, C., Hogeling, J., Isaxon, C., Jimenez, J. L., Kurnitski, J., Li, Y., Loomans, M., Marks, G., … Yao, M. (2021). A paradigm shift to combat indoor respiratory infection. Science, 372(6543), 689–691. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg2025

Petrus, M., & Popa, C. (2024). Temporal Variations in Urban Air Pollution during a 2021 Field Campaign : A Case Study of Ethylene , Benzene , Toluene , and Ozone Levels in Southern Romania. MDPI - Sustainability, 16(3219). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su16083219 Academic

Salthammer, T., Mentese, S., & Marutzky, R. (2010). Formaldehyde in the Indoor Environment. Chemical Reviews, 110(4), 2536–2572. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr800399g

Saputra, N. E., & Ekawati, Y. N. (2017). Permainan Tradisional Sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Kemampuan Dasar Anak Tradisional Games in Improving Children’S Basic Abilities. Jurnal Psikologi Jambi, 2(2), 48–53.

Silva, H. E., & Henriques, F. M. A. (2021). The impact of tourism on the conservation and IAQ of cultural heritage: The case of the Monastery of Jerónimos (Portugal). Building and Environment, 190, 107536. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107536

Song, J., Zhao, C., Lin, T., Li, X., & Prishchepov, A. V. (2019). Spatio-temporal patterns of traffic-related air pollutant emissions in different urban functional zones estimated by real-time video and deep learning technique. Journal of Cleaner Production, 238, 117881. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117881

Wei, P., Fu, N., Lv, X., Jia, Y., Zheng, X., & Guan, J. (2023). Indoor volatile organic compounds in existing densely occupied education buildings of four universities: Source apportionment. Building and Environment, 227, 109808. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109808

Weinstein, A., Livny, A., & Weizman, A. (2017). New developments in brain research of internet and gaming disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 75, 314–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.040

WHO. (2021). WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (‎PM2.5 and PM10)‎, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. World Health Organization.

Wibowo, A., Wijayaningtyas, M., & Hidayat, S. (2022). Implementing the Greenship Existing Building 1.1 to Improve Catholic Church Performance (Case Study: St. Antonius Padua Pasuruan, East Java). Civil Engineering and Architecture, 10, 3083–3090. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2022.100721

Zhang, J., & Lu, Y. (2022). Exploring the Effects of Tourism Development on Air Pollution: Evidence from the Panel Smooth Transition Regression Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 8442. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148442

Zhang, N., Ren, R., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, T. (2020). Air pollution and tourism development: An interplay. Annals of Tourism Research, 85, 103032. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103032

Zhou, X., Li, W., Wang, X., & Wang, Y. (2025). Health risk assessment of indoor formaldehyde exposure across Chinese residences: Effects of building material grades. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 490, 137831. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137831