COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF CORN COB ASH AND SIWALAN FRUIT SHELL ASH AS FILLERS ON MARSHALL STABILITY AND FLOW OF POROUS ASPHALT MIXTURES

Nurani Hartatik; Aditya Rizkiardi; I Gede Agus Punarta; Yudi D Prasetyo

doi:10.21009/jpensil.v15i2.66278

Authors

Nurani Hartatik Program Studi Teknik Sipil, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya Jl. Semolowaru No. 45, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
Aditya Rizkiardi Program Studi Teknik Sipil, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya Jl. Semolowaru No. 45, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
I Gede Agus Punarta Balai Besar Pelaksanaan Jalan Nasional Jatim-Bali, Jl. Raya Waru No. 20, Sidoarjo, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
Yudi D Prasetyo Balai Besar Pelaksanaan Jalan Nasional Jatim-Bali, Jl. Raya Waru No. 20, Sidoarjo, Jawa Timur, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21009/jpensil.v15i2.66278

Keywords:

porous asphalt, corn cob ash, palmyra (siwalan) shell ash, Marshall stability, optimum asphalt content (OAC)

Abstract

The application of porous asphalt mixtures has increased because of
their ability to improve surface drainage and traffic safety. However,
their open-graded structure often reduces mechanical stability, making
filler selection important for mixture performance. This study compares
corn cob ash and siwalan fruit shell ash as agricultural waste-based fillers
on Marshall stability, flow, volumetric characteristics, Cantabro Loss,
Asphalt Flow Down, and optimum asphalt content (OAC) of porous
asphalt mixtures. Both waste materials were processed into fine ash
passing the No. 200 sieve and used at a fixed filler content of 1%.
Laboratory testing included material characterization, mixture design,
Marshall testing, Cantabro Loss, and Asphalt Flow Down. The OAC was
determined using the Australian Asphalt Pavement Association (AAPA,
2004) procedure based on Voids in Mix, Cantabro Loss, and Asphalt
Flow Down criteria. The results showed that both mixtures achieved the
highest Marshall stability at 4% asphalt content, with 1334 kg for the
siwalan fruit shell ash mixture and 1330 kg for the corn cob ash mixture.
Flow values ranged from 2 mm to 3 mm, indicating acceptable
deformation behavior. The final OAC was 5.00% for the siwalan fruit
shell ash mixture and 4.59% for the corn cob ash mixture. These findings
indicate that corn cob ash requires lower asphalt binder demand, while
siwalan fruit shell ash remains feasible but requires higher binder
content. The novelty of this study lies in the direct comparative
evaluation of two locally available agricultural waste ashes as sustainable
filler materials in porous asphalt mixtures.

References

Akbar, A., Asghar, A., & Reza, M. (2025). Materials Today Sustainability Life Cycle Assessment for sustainable civil infrastructure with standardized functional units and boundaries. Materials Today Sustainability, 32(December 2024), 101232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101232

Ali, H., Izzi, N., Mubaraki, M., & Ceylan, H. (2020). Effects of moisture damage on asphalt mixtures. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 7(5), 600–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2020.07.001

Alyousify, S., Taher, S. A., & Mohammed, S. I. (2022). The Effect of Filler Type and Content on Hot Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Properties. Journal of University of Duhok, 25(1), 142–151. https://doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2013.82394

Blackwood, L., Renaud, F. G., & Gillespie, S. (2022). Nature-Based Solutions Nature-based solutions as climate change adaptation measures for rail infrastructure. Nature-Based Solutions, 2(September 2021), 100013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2022.100013

Chen, J., & Yang, C. H. (2020). Porous asphalt concrete : A review of design , construction , performance and maintenance. Pavement Research and Technology, 13, 601–612.

Du, C., Lu, G., Wang, H., Sun, Y., Liu, P., Wang, D., Leischner, S., & Oeser, M. (2021). Effect of filler on performance of porous asphalt pavement using multiscale finite element method. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 23, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2021.1888090

Galambos, K. J., Palomino-hernández, A. B., Hemmelmayr, V. C., & Turan, B. (2024). Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives Sustainability initiatives in urban freight transportation in Europe. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 23(June 2023), 101013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.101013

He, Y. (2020). The Impact of Flooding on Urban Transit and Accessibility A Case Study of Kinshasa. In Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (Issue December).

Liu, J., Xu, Z., Wan, L., & Macaskill, K. (2026). Risk Reduction Road transport resilience under extreme rainfall : Integrating multiple impact factors and delay propagation. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 134(January), 106024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106024

Markolf, S. A., Hoehne, C., Fraser, A., Chester, M. V, & Underwood, B. S. (2019). Transportation resilience to climate change and extreme weather events – Beyond risk and robustness. Transport Policy, 74(July 2017), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.11.003

Melati, T., Hariyadi, E. S., & Rahman, H. (2023). Pengaruh Penyumbatan Pori (Clogging) pada Perkerasan Aspal Porous Terhadap Permeabilitas dan Limpasan Permukaan. Jurnal Teknik Sipil, 30(2), 297–306. https://doi.org/10.5614/jts.2023.30.2.16

Michael, T., Mogbo, O., Kumar, S., Shaik, N., & Shettar, M. P. (2022). Bituminous pavement sustainability improvement strategies. Energy Nexus, 6(March), 100065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100065

Mondal, A., & Ransinchung, G. D. R. N. (2022). Evaluating the engineering properties of asphalt mixtures containing RAP aggregates incorporating different wastes as fillers and their effects on the ageing susceptibility. Cleaner Waste Systems, 3(September), 100037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwas.2022.100037

Nejem, J. K., & Akhtar, M. N. (2025). An Experimental Study of Permeable Asphalt Pavement Incorporating Recycled Concrete Coarse Aggregates. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167323

Rebally, A., Valeo, C., He, J., & Saidi, S. (2021). Flood Impact Assessments on Transportation Networks : A Review of Methods and Associated Temporal and Spatial Scales. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 3(September). https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.732181

Rosario, P. Del. (2023). Towards Sustainable Roads : A Systematic Review of Triple-Bottom-Line-Based Assessment Methods.

Shukry, N. A. M., Hassan, N. A., Abdullah, M. E., Hainin, M. R., Yusoff, N. I. M., Abdullah, N. A. M., & Jaya, R. P. (2018). Effectsof Diatomite As Filler Onthe Porous Asphaltmixtures Properties. Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 29(2), 174–186.