Geochemical and Magnetic Suseptibility Analysis for Critical Minerals Detection in Igneous Rocks and Beach Sand

Yensi Hariyanto; Siti Zulaikah; Cahyo Aji Hapsoro; Shofi Maulida; Hanif 'Izzudin Zakly; Nordiana Mohd Muztaza; Daeng Achmad Suadi; Aditya Pratama; Hamdi Hamdi

doi:10.21009/SPEKTRA.093.04

Authors

Yensi Hariyanto Department of Physics, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
Siti Zulaikah Department of Physics, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
Cahyo Aji Hapsoro Department of Physics, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
Shofi Maulida Department of Physics, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
Hanif 'Izzudin Zakly Department of Physics, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
Nordiana Mohd Muztaza School of Physics,Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang Island, 11800, Malaysia
Daeng Achmad Suadi Department of Physics, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
Aditya Pratama Research Center for Geological Disaster, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung 40135, Indonesia
Hamdi Hamdi Departemen of Physics, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, West Sumatra, 25171, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21009/SPEKTRA.093.04

Keywords:

critical minerals, Lenggoksono, REE, magnetic susceptibility

Abstract

Critical minerals are an important natural resource that will continue to be necessary for modern industries. This study aims to determine the distribution of critical minerals based on geochemical data and magnetic susceptibility. Samples were taken from Lenggoksono beach, Southern Malang. The determination of chemical elements was conducted using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Rare Earth Elements (REE) were identified using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out using a Barrington Magnetic Susceptibility Meter (MS2B). The results showed that the dominant elements were Silica Oxide, SiO₂ (70 Wt%), Iron Oxide, Fe₂O₃ (14.05 Wt%), and Calcium Oxide CaO (5.57 Wt%), which were categorized as critical minerals. The average REE elements detected were Cerium, Ce (6.75 mg/kg), Gadolinium, Gd (5.98 mg/kg), Neodymium, Nd (13.56 mg/kg), Praseodymium, Pr (6.62 mg/kg), Terbium, Tb (5.57 mg/kg), and Yttrium, Y (10.98 mg/kg). The magnetic susceptibility ranges from 13.27 to 4143.47 × 10^-8m³/kg. Pearson’s Correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between low-frequency magnetic susceptibility (ꭓ_lf) and high-frequency magnetic susceptibility (ꭓ_hf) with a significance level of 0.01. ꭓ_lf and ꭓ_hf also showed a significant correlation with Gd, with a correlation value of R² = 0.84 and a significance level of 0.05. These results indicate that the presence of one critical mineral can serve as a clue to the presence of other critical minerals, and magnetic susceptibility can be used as a proxy indicator for critical minerals in natural materials.

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