Corrections and Retractions

To maintain the utmost transparency and reliability of the academic record, PLPB provides clear mechanisms for correcting errors in published works.

• Erratum/Corrigendum: If a scientifically significant error is discovered that does not fundamentally invalidate the study’s conclusions (whether the error was introduced by the publisher or the author), the journal will publish a formal correction notice. This notice will be bi-directionally linked to the original article.

• Retractions: Retractions are reserved for articles where the main findings are deeply flawed, unreliable, or compromised due to honest error (e.g., miscalculation, experimental error) or deliberate misconduct (e.g., data fabrication, ethical violations). Following COPE’s Retraction Guidelines, a formal "Notice of Retraction" will be published and linked to the original document. The original PDF will remain accessible but will be heavily watermarked as "RETRACTED" to ensure readers are aware of its status, preserving the historical integrity of the scientific record.