Flora diversity and soil nutrients in samudra university arboretum: development of a conservation learning module based on environmental and climate education

Sri Jayanthi; Zulfan Arico; Wendy Achmmad Mustaqim; Saudah Saudah

doi:10.21009/biosferjpb.54925

Authors

Sri Jayanthi Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Samudra University, Indonesia
Zulfan Arico Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Samudra University, Indonesia
Wendy Achmmad Mustaqim Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Samudra University, Indonesia
Saudah Saudah Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Serambi Mekkah, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21009/biosferjpb.54925

Keywords:

Arboretum, Climate support, Conservation, Flora diversity, Soil nutrients

Abstract

Climate change has long been an important global issue caused by large-scale environmental changes. In the context of green spatial planning, arboretums are important elements that contribute to improving the quality of urban environments and maintaining the balance of local ecosystems. This study aims to explore the flora diversity of the Samudra University Arboretum and analyze soil macronutrient content to assess the relationship between soil fertility levels and the vegetation growing on it. These findings are expected to be utilized as contextual learning media in biology education on environment, ecosystem and biodiversity materials that will foster understanding and awareness of the importance of protecting the environment, conservation, sustainable spatial management, introduction to the impacts of climate change. Observations were made using the inventory method, with data analysis focused on the content of macro nutrients in the soil taken from the arboretum land. The research location was at the Ocean University Arboretum, the research was conducted in June-November 2023. From the results of the study found 16 species with a total of 437 individuals. The most abundant species was Alysicarpus vaginalis with 92 individuals, followed by Ottochloa arnottiana with 55 individuals and Spermacoce sp. with 45 individuals. The species with the highest cover were Alysicarpus vaginalis and Digitaria sp., each at 220%, indicating significant dominance in the observed plant community. From the results of this study, it is recommended that schools, especially at the middle and high school levels, integrate visits and learning activities at the arboretum into the biology curriculum, because the arboretum can function as an outdoor natural laboratory that supports hands-on understanding of biodiversity, ecology, morphology, and plant conservation.

References

Abdul Rahman, N. S. N., Abdul Hamid, N. W., & Nadarajah, K. (2021). Effects of abiotic stress on soil microbiome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, 9036. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169036

Affandi, S. D., Halimatussadiah, A., & Asrofani, F. W. (2020). Visitors’ preferences on the characteristics of Bogor Botanical Gardens. Sustainability, 12(22), 9489. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229489

Akinwumi, I. O. (2023). Biology education: A panacea to global environmental challenges. European Journal of Training and Development Studies, 10(2), 44–56. https://doi.org/10.37745/ejtds.2014/vol10n24456

Almeida, T. M. H. d., Coelho, M. A. N., & Peixoto, A. L. (2024). Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden: Biodiversity conservation in a tropical arboretum. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 5(3), 378–394. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg5030026

Ansari, M. H., Bijani, M., Abbasi, E., & Goli, I. (2024). Determinants of local community participation in forest fire management in the northern Iran. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 107, 104478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104478

Ariani, N. M., Wijaya, M. I. H., & Priambudi, B. N. (2021). Understanding Spatial Planning Policies in Responding to Urban Heat Island Using GIS Analysis in The Kendal Industrial Area. 887(1), 012021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/887/1/012021

Arico, Z., & Jayanthi, S. (2024). Forest carbon storage potential of Gunung Leuser National Park Tenggulun Resort as climate change mitigation effort. Elkawnie: Journal of Islamic Science and Technology, 2(2), 143–152. https://doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v2i2.2660

Baveye, P. C. (2021). Soil health at a crossroad. Soil Use and Management, 37(2), 215–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12703

BGCI (Botanic Gardens Conservation International), (2023). About BGCI database. Available online: https://www.bgci.org/about/botanic-gardens-and-plant-conservation/

Blume, H.-P., Brümmer, G. W., Fleige, H., Horn, R., Kandeler, E., Kögel-Knabner, I., Kretzschmar, R., Stahr, K., & Wilke, B.-M. (2016). Soil-plant relations. In Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone (pp. 409–484). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30942-7_9

Bogati, K., & Walczak, M. (2022). The impact of drought stress on soil microbial community, enzyme activities and plants. Agronomy, 12, 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010189

Brambach, F. (2019). Diversity, composition, and biogeography of trees in tropical mountain forests of Sulawesi, Indonesia (Doctoral dissertation). Gottingen University.

Bryk, M., Kołodziej, B., Słowińska-Jurkiewicz, A., & Jaroszuk-Sierocińska, M. (2017). Evaluation of soil structure and physical properties affected by weather conditions in the fall-cold-semi-season. Soil and Tillage Research, 170, 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.03.004

Bünemann, E. K., Bongiorno, G., Bai, Z., Creamer, R. E., De Deyn, G., de Goede, R., Fleskens, L., Geissen, V., Kuyper, T. W., Mäder, P., Pulleman, M., Sukkel, W., van Groenigen, J. W., & Brussaard, L. (2018). Soil quality – A critical review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 120, 105–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.01.030

Burch, S., Hughes, S., Romero-Lankao, P., Schroeder, H., Elmqvist, T., Bai, X., Frantzeskaki, N., Griffith, C., Maddox, D., & McPhearson, T. (2018). Governing urban sustainability transformations. In T. Elmqvist, X. Bai, N. Frantzeskaki, C. Griffith, D. Maddox, & T. McPhearson (Eds.), The Urban Planet: Knowledge towards Sustainable Cities (pp. 303–326). Cambridge University Press.

Burón, M., Porcher, E., Fédoroff, É., Berrod, L., Vallet, J., Bardet, O., Martin, G., & Machon, N. (2024). Rapid declines in species diversity and occurrence of common plant species are related to nutrient availability and soil moisture in open habitats. Journal of Vegetation Science, 35(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.13316

Cardinale, B. J., Primack, R. B., & Murdoch, J. D. (2019). Conservation biology. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9781605357140.001.0001

Cetin, M., 2019. The effect of urban planning on urban formations determining bioclimatic comfort area’s effect using satellitia imagines on air quality: a case study of Bursa city. Air Qual. Atmos. Health 12, 1237–1249. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11869-019-00742-4

Chaubey, O. P., Sharma, A., & Krishnamurthy, G. (2015). Ex-situ conservation of indigenous, threatened and ethno-medicinal diversity of forest species. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology, 7(3), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.14257/IJBSBT.2015.7.3.02

Chen, G., & Sun, W. (2018). The role of botanical gardens in scientific research, conservation, and citizen science. Plant Diversity, 40, 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2018.07.006

Chen, S., Wang, W., Xu, W., Wang, Y., Wan, H., Chen, D., Tang, Z., Tang, X., Zhou, G., Xie, Z., Zhou, D., Shangguan, Z., Huang, J., He, J. S., Wang, Y., Sheng, J., Tang, L., Li, X., Dong, M., ... Bai, Y. (2018). Plant diversity enhances productivity and soil carbon storage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(16), 4027–4032. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700298114

Cheng, L., Zhang, Y., & Sun, H. (2019). Vegetation cover change and relative contributions of associated driving factors in the ecological conservation and development zone of Beijing, China. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 29(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/102368

Correia, D. B., Soares, T. R. C., Santos, L. G. dos, Landim, H. S., Teixeira, P. H. R., Nascimento, C. A. do, Fernandes, N. de S., Lima, E. E., Oliveira, B. A. de, Cruz, G. V., Pereira, C., Freitas, L. C. de, Amaro, B. B. D. F., Lima, L. A. de, Silva, J. R. de L. S., Cordeiro, G. A. da S., Cordeiro, M. L. A., Oliveira, A. H. de, Silva, L. A. M. da, & Torres, C. M. G. (2020). A educação ambiental e sua importância na conservação de espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Research, Society and Development, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i12.11416

Creamer, R. E., Barel, J. M., Bongiorno, G., & Zwetsloot, M. J. (2022). The life of soils: Integrating the who and how of multifunctionality. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 166, 108561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108561

Dang, T.T., Oanh, T.T.K., Thanh, H.L., Nguyen, T.N., 2023. Impacts of foreign direct investment on economic development: does institutional quality matter? Econ. Sociol. J. 7 (6). https://doi.org/10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-06-05

Dar, S. A., Nabi, M., Dar, S. A., & Ahmad, W. S. (2022). Influence of anthropogenic activities on the diversity of forest ecosystems. In Towards sustainable natural resources: Monitoring and managing ecosystem biodiversity (pp. 33-49). Cham: Springer International Publishing

Di Pietro, G., Marziali, E., Montaldi, C., & Zullo, F. (2023). Land Surface Temperature and Urban Policies: The Ferrara City Case Study. Sustainability, 15(24), 16825. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416825

Dimobe, K., Gessner, U., Ouédraogo, K., & Thiombiano, A. (2022). Trends and drivers of land use/cover change in W National Park in Burkina Faso. Environmental Development, 44, 100768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2022.100768

Diribsa, G. C. (2024). The assessment of the role of parks and botanical gardens in Ethiopia. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.1068.v1

Doup, M. L. (2018). Using an outdoor activity on local plant biodiversity to teach conservation ecology and promote environmentally responsible behaviors. American Biology Teacher, 80(5), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2018.80.5.359

Drobnik, T., Greiner, L., Keller, A., & Grêt-Regamey, A. (2018). Soil quality indicators – From soil functions to ecosystem services. Ecological Indicators, 94, 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.06.052

Dunn, C. P. (2017). Biological and cultural diversity in the context of botanic garden conservation strategies. Plant Diversity, 39(6), 396–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2017.10.003

Eisenhauer, N., Hines, J., Isbell, F., van der Plas, F., Hobbie, S. E., Kazanski, C. E., Lehmann, A., Liu, M., Lochner, A., Rillig, M. C., Vogel, A., Worm, K., & Reich, P. B. (2018). Plant diversity maintains multiple soil functions in future environments. eLife, 7, e41228. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.41228

Esparza Olguín, L. G., Martínez, A. M., Hernández García, G., & Martínez Romero, E. (2020). Jardín botánico y arboretum: Estrategias de conservación forestal en paisajes antropizados del trópico mexicano. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales, 11(60), 50–77. https://doi.org/10.29298/rmcf.v11i60.724

Farhat, N., Elkhouni, A., Zorrig, W., Smaoui, A., Abdelly, C., & Rabhi, M. (2016). Effects of magnesium deficiency on photosynthesis and carbohydrate partitioning. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 38(6), 145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-016-2165-z

Fay, M. F., & Christenhusz, M. J. M. (2016). Plant conservation and botanic gardens. Royal Botanic Gardens, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0023748

Fendorf, S. (2017). Soils. Soils: An Open Access Journal, 1(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/soils1010007

Gargiulo, C., & Zucaro, F. (2023). A method proposal to adapt urban open-built and green spaces to climate change. Sustainability, 15(10), 8111. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108111

Gavrilescu, M. (2021). Water, soil, and plants interactions in a threatened environment. Water, 13(19), 2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192746

Giles-Corti, B., Moudon, A. V., Lowe, M., Adlakha, D., Cerin, E., Boeing, G., Higgs, C., Arundel, J., Liu, S., Hinckson, E., Salvo, D., Adams, M. A., Badland, H., Florindo, A. A., Gebel, K., Hunter, R. F., Mitáš, J., Oyeyemi, A. L., Puig-Ribera, A., Queralt, A., Santos, M. P., Schipperijn, J., Stevenson, M., Van Dyck, D., Vich, G., & Sallis, J. F. (2022). Creating healthy and sustainable cities: What gets measured, gets done. The Lancet Global Health, 10(6), e782–e785. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00070-5

Haastrup, N. O., Bolaji, O. W., Narudeen, T. A., Babalola, Y. O., Jeminiwa, O. R., Oladipupo-Alade, E. O., Oyedele, M., Lawal, M. O., & Bolaji, O. O. (2022). Description and composition of tree species in a tertiary institution agricultural faculty arboretum, Ibadan, South-West Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 26(6), 1163–1172. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i6.25

Harefa, D. N., Warwu, S. S., Waruwu, D. R. Y., & Ndraha, A. B. (2025). The impact of planting distance on nutrient and light competition in spinach plants (Amaranthus spp.). Flora: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Pertanian dan Perkebunan, 2(1), 168–176. https://doi.org/10.62951/flora.v2i1.262

Hiemstra, J. A., Saaroni, H., & Amorim, J. H. (2017). The urban heat island: Thermal comfort and the role of urban greening. In D. Pearlmutter, C. Calfapietra, R. Samson, L. O’Brien, S. K. Ostoić, G. Sanesi, & R. A. del Amo (Eds.), The urban forest: Cultivating green infrastructure for people and the environment (pp. 7–19). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50280-9_2

Höckendorff, S., Peintinger, M., Fiedler, F., Stift, M., & van Kleunen, M. (2021). Declines in occurrence of plants characteristic for a nutrient-poor meadow habitat are partly explained by their responses to nutrient addition and competition. Ecology and Evolution, 11(9), 4058–4070. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7306

Imaningsih, W., Susilawati, I. O., Fadillah, M. R., Saroh, I., & Maulida, S. (2021). Pengelolaan jasa ekosistem hutan riparian permaculture. UrbanGreen Central Media.Phoebus, P., Rutledge, M. L., & Sadler, K. C. (2018). Meeting the giants in our midst: Developing an interactive online arboretum guide to promote ecological literacy. American Biology Teacher, 80(8), 572–576. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2018.80.8.572

Ito, K., & Ito, M. (2022). Variation in allelopathic influence among wide range of tree species (pp. 285–295). https://doi.org/10.1201/9780367813673-24

Iwaniec, D. M., Cook, E. M., Barbosa, O., & Grimm, N. B. (2019). The framing of urban sustainability transformations. Sustainability, 11, 573. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030573

Janzen, H. H., Janzen, D. W., & Gregorich, E. G. (2021). The 'soil health' metaphor: Illuminating or illusory? Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 108167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108167

Jayanthi, S., & Arico, Z. (2017). Effect of vegetation density on forest litter productivity of Gunung Leuser National Park. Elkawnie: Journal of Islamic Science and Technology, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v3i2.1888

Kashyap, P.L., Srivastava, A.K., Tiwari, S.P., Kumar, S., Gupta, S., Sharma, D., Gupta, M., 2018. Microbes for Climate Resilient Agriculture, First Edition. Edited Climate Change Impact On Plant Diseases: Opinion, Trends And Mitigation Strategies 41–56

Khoiri, I., Sadjati, E., & Lestari, I. (2023). Identify the types of white-sapped trees in the Lancang University Arboretum. Prosiding Seminar Nasional S.R.I, 1(1), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.31938/psnsri.v1i1.539

Kim, S.W., Brown, R.D., 2021. Urban heat island (UHI) intensity and magnitude estimations: a systematic literature review. Sci. Total Environ. 779, 146389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146389

Kokieva, G. E., Sokolova, V. A., Maksimovich, K. Y., Dzjasheev, A.-M. S., Ivanov, A. A., Golubev, V. V., & Melbert, A. A. (2021). Seedbed preparation of the upper soil layer. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 848(1), 012172. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/848/1/012172

Kovács, Z., Csergő, A. M., Csontos, P., & Höhn, M. (2021). Ex situ conservation in botanical gardens – Challenges and scientific potential preserving plant biodiversity. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 49(2), 12334. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha49212334

Kumar, A., & Verma, A. K. (2017). Biodiversity loss and its ecological impact in India. International Journal on Biological Sciences, 8(2), 156–160. https://moocs.mkclibrary.ac.in/pluginfile.php/11320/mod_resource/content/1/IDC-Unit-3-Biodiversity%20loss-PGS.pdf

Lacy, P. D., & Shackleton, C. (2017). Aesthetic and spiritual ecosystem services provided by urban sacred sites. Sustainability, 9, 1628. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091628

Lamaoui, M., Jemo, M., Datla, R., & Bekkaoui, F. (2018). Heat and drought stresses in crops and approaches for their mitigation. Frontiers in Chemistry, 6, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00026

Lange, M., Eisenhauer, N., Sierra, C. A., Bessler, H., Engels, C., Griffiths, R. I., Mellado-Vázquez, P. G., Malik, A. A., Roy, J., Scheu, S., Steinbeiss, S., Thomson, B. C., Trumbore, S. E., & Gleixner, G. (2015). Plant diversity increases soil microbial activity and soil carbon storage. Nature Communications, 6, 6707. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7707

Lehmann, J., Bossio, D. A., Kögel-Knabner, I., & Rillig, M. C. (2020). The concept and future prospects of soil health. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 1, 544–553. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0080-8

Lepczyk, C. A., Aronson, M. F. J., Evans, K. L., Goddard, M. A., & Lerman, S. B. (2017). Biodiversity in the city: Fundamental questions for understanding the ecology of urban green spaces for biodiversity conservation. BioScience, 67(9), 799–807. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix079

Li, M., Cui, Y., Fu, Y., Li, N., Tang, X., Liu, X., & Run, Y. (2020a). Simulating the potential sequestration of three major greenhouse gases in China’s natural ecosystems. Forests, 11(2), 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11020128

Li, Z., Cheng, X., & Han, H. (2020b). Future impacts of land use change on ecosystem services under different scenarios in the ecological conservation area, Beijing, China. Forests, 11(5), 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11050584

Lopes, H. S., Vidal, D. G., Cherif, N., Silva, L., & Remoaldo, P. C. (2025). Green infrastructure and its influence on urban heat island, heat risk, and air pollution: A case study of Porto (Portugal). Journal of Environmental Management, 376, 124446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124446

Mariton, L., Kerbiriou, C., Bas, Y., Zanda, B., & Le Viol, I. (2022). Even low light pollution levels affect the spatial distribution and timing of activity of a “light tolerant” bat species. Environmental Pollution, 305, 119267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119267

Meyer-Drawe, K. (2022). Soil change under different scenarios. In Elsevier eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822974-3.00123-3

Mi, J., Ou, J., Liu, H., Shi, J., Chen, D., & Bai, Y. (2022). The loss of plant species diversity dominated by temperature promotes local productivity in the steppe of eastern Inner Mongolia. Ecological Indicators, 139, 108953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108953

Mpia, L., Hasbiadi, H., R., M., & Handayani, F. A. (2023). Identification of soil chemical characteristics and evaluation of soil fertility status on pineapple plantation in Walambeno Wite Village, Parigi Sub-District, Muna District. Agroteksos, 33(3), 1113–1120. https://doi.org/10.29303/agroteksos.v33i3.1004

Mugunga, C. P., Mindje, M., Cyuzuzo, H. A., Uwiringiyimana, J., & Mind’je, R. (2022). Tree species diversity in a naturally regenerated secondary forest in the Ruhande Arboretum, Rwanda. International Journal of Forestry Research, 2022, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9707130

Muhlisin, Iskandar, J., Gunawan, B., & Cahyandito, M. F. (2021). Vegetation diversity and structure of urban parks in Cilegon City, Indonesia, and local residents’ perception of its function. Biodiversitas, 22, 2589–2603. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220706

Mursyid, H., Suryanto, P., Fadhilla, S., Silmia, B., & Wibowo, F. A. C. (2025). Diversity and Ecophysiological Performance of Coffee under Dry-Field and Homegarden Agroforestry in Yogyakarta. Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 13(1), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v13i1.1005

Nathan, M. V. (2017). Soils, plant nutrition and nutrient management. University of Missouri Extension. https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/59216

Nomura, M., Ohlemüller, R., Lee, W. G., Lloyd, K. M., & Anderson, B. J. (2019). Can we predict which species win when new habitat becomes available? bioRxiv, 562959. https://doi.org/10.1101/562959

Noor, A. W. N. W., Mariyono, M., Junaidi, J., & Probojati, R. T. (2021). Optimization of Various Planting Spacings and Number of Plants per Hole on the Growth and Yield of Corn (Zea mays L.). JINTAN: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian Nasional, 1(2), 173. https://doi.org/10.30737/jintan.v1i2.1783

Norris, C. E., Bean, G. M., Cappellazzi, S. B., Cope, M., Greub, K. L. H., Liptzin, D., Rieke, E. L., Tracy, P. W., Morgan, C. L. S., & Honeycutt, C. W. (2020). Introducing the North American project to evaluate soil health measurements. Agronomy Journal, 112(5), 3195–3215. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20234

Ntawuhiganayo, E., Uwizeye, F. K., Zibera, E., Dusenge, M. E., Ziegler, C., Ntirugulirwa, B., Nsabimana, D., Wallin, G., & Uddling, J. (2020). Traits controlling shade tolerance in tropical montane trees. Tree Physiology, 40(2), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz119

O’Donnell, K., & Sharrock, S. (2018). Botanic gardens complement agricultural gene bank in collecting and conserving plant genetic diversity. Biopreservation and Biobanking, 16(5), 384–390. https://doi.org/10.1089/bio.2018.0028

Oldfield, S. F., Olwell, P., Shaw, N., & Havens, K. (2019). Conservation of plant species. In Plant Conservation: Why It Matters and How It Works (pp. 41–57). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96974-9_4

Palliwoda, J., Kowarik, I., & von der Lippe, M. (2017). Human-biodiversity interactions in urban parks: The species level matters. Landscape and Urban Planning, 157, 394–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.09.003

Pietrzak-Zawadka, J., & Zawadka, J. (2018). The Forest Arborets and Their Activities for Forest and Nature Education. 64(1), 11. http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.agro-7a98f7a9-9e03-4ee8-bc73-065af0f5eea1

Powlson, D. S. (2020). Soil health—Useful terminology for communication or meaningless concept? Or both? Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering, 7, 246–250. https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2020326

Prakash, S. (2017). Climate change and need of biodiversity conservation: A review. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(12), 554–557. https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2017/vol3issue12/PartH/6-8-83-494.pdf

Prakash, S. (2021). Impact of climate change on aquatic ecosystem and its biodiversity: An overview. International Journal of Biological Innovations, 3(2), 312–317. https://doi.org/10.46505/IJBI.2021.3210

Prakash, S., & Verma, A. (2022). Anthropogenic activities and biodiversity threats. International Journal of Biological Innovations, 4(1), 94–103. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4048276

Puspitasari, M., Udiansyah, U., & Suyanto, S. (2023). Structure and dominance of stands in the arboretum of the forestry faculty of Lambung Mangkurat University. Jurnal Sylva Scienteae, 6(2), 269. https://doi.org/10.20527/jss.v6i2.8539

Rahmawaty, Frastika, S., Marpaung, R. M. E., Batubara, R., & Rauf, A. (2019). Short communication: Use of Geographic Information System for mapping of Aquilaria malaccensis land suitability in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 20, 2561–2568. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200918

Rahmawaty, Frastika, S., Rauf, A., & Batubara, R., & Harahap, F. S. (2020). Land suitability assessment for Lansium domesticum cultivation on agroforestry land using matching method and geographic information system. Biodiversitas, 21, 3683–3690. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210835

Rahmawaty, Harahap, M. M., Kurniawan, H., & Rauf, A. (2021a). Land use changes monitoring over a period of ten years in Panjang Island, Pangkalan Susu, Langkat, North Sumatra. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 782(3), 032008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/782/3/032008

Rahmawaty, Harahap, M. M., Rauf, A., & Kurniawan, H. (2021b). Changes in dryland-forest cover in several sub-regencies in Deli Serdang Regency. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 752(1), 012041. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012093/pdf

Rahmawaty, R., Samosir, J. B., Batubara, R., & Rauf, A. (2019). Diversity and distribution of medicinal plants in the Universitas Sumatera Utara Arboretum of Deli Serdang, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200539

Rahmawaty, Rauf, A., Harahap, M. M., & Kurniwan, H. (2022). Land cover change impact analysis: An integration of remote sensing, GIS and DPSIR framework to deal with degraded land in Lepan Watershed, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 23, 3000–3011. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230627

Ram, H. (2023). Increasing extinction of species of plants in India – Alarming situation. Research Hub, 10(2), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.53573/rhimrj.2023.v10n02.020

Ren, Y., Qu, Z., Du, Y., Xu, R., Ma, D., Yang, G., Shi, Y., Fan, X., Tani, A., Guo, P., Ge, Y., & Chang, J. (2017). Air quality and health effects of biogenic volatile organic compounds emissions from urban green spaces and the mitigation strategies. Environmental Pollution, 230, 849–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.049

Rohmadi, S., Rayadin, Y., Matius, P., & Ruslim, Y. (2018). The presence and diversity of liana herbs as a food source for wildlife in the coal mining reclamation area of PT Kideco Jaya Agung, Paser, East Kalimantan. Dipterocarp Ecosystem Research. 4(2), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.20886/jped.2018.4.2.71-82

Sagoff, M. (2022). Conservation biology. In H. LaFollette (Ed.), International encyclopedia of ethics (2nd ed., pp. 1–10). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee125.pub2

Seymoure, B., Dell, A., Hölker, F., & Kalinkat, G. (2023). A framework for untangling the consequences of artificial light at night on species interactions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 378. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0356

Shiwakoti, S., Shiwakoti, S., Zheljazkov, V. D., Gollany, H. T., Kleber, M., & Xing, B. (2019). Effect of tillage on macronutrients in soil and wheat of a long-term dryland wheat-pea rotation. Soil and Tillage Research, 190, 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.02.004

Siddiq, Z., Zhang, Y. J., Zhu, S. D., & Cao, K. F. (2019). Canopy water status and photosynthesis of tropical trees are associated with trunk sapwood hydraulic properties. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 139, 724–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.04.031

Siebielec, S., Siebielec, G., Klimkowicz-Pawlas, A., Gałązka, A., Grządziel, J., & Stuczyński, T. (2020). Impact of water stress on microbial community and activity in sandy and loamy soils. Agronomy, 10, 1429. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091429

Singh, Brajesh K., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Egidi, E., Guirado, E., Leach, J.E., Liu, H., Trivedi, P., 2023. Climate change impacts on plant pathogens, food security and paths forward. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 21, 640–656. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-023-00900-7

Smith, P. (2016). Building a global system for the conservation of all plant diversity. The Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, 14, 5–13. https://doi.org/10.24823/SIBBALDIA.2016.208

Smith, W. S., da Silva, F. L., de Amorim, S. R., & Stefani, M. S. (2018). Urban biodiversity: How the city can do its management? Biodiversity International Journal, 2(2), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.15406/bij.2018.02.00068

Solfiyeni, S., Syamsuardi, Chairul, & Mukhtar, E. (2022). Impacts of invasive tree species Bellucia pentamera on plant diversity, microclimate and soil of secondary tropical forest in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 23(6), 3135–3146. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230641

Solfiyeni, Winata, F., Mildawati, & Marisa, H. (2024). Vegetation composition, structure and association at site invaded by Calliandra houstoniana in Bung Hatta Grand Forest Park, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 25, 3608–3616. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d251022

Sugiarto, S., Imran, Z., & Widayanti, S. (2023). Manifestation of the ecosystem learning model for biodiversity to improve competency-based environmental education. BIODIVERS - BIOTROP Science Magazine, 2(1), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.56060/bdv.2023.2.1.1997

Sutedjo, & Warsudi. (2017). Assessing the invasive potential of Acacia mangium (Acacia mangium Willd.) in the Bukit Soeharto Research and Education Forest. ULIN: Jurnal Hutan Tropis, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.32522/ujht.v1i1.795

Suwardi, A. B., Navia, Z. I., Mubarak, A., & Mardudi, M. (2023). Diversity of home garden plants and their contribution to promoting sustainable livelihoods for local communities living near Serbajadi protected forest in Aceh Timur region, Indonesia. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 39(3), 170–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2023.2182233

Tam, B.Y., Gough, W.A., Mohsin, T., 2015. The impact of urbanisation and the urban heat island effect on day to day temperature variation. Urban Clim. 12, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.12.004

Urban, J., & Lessambo, F. I. (2022). Effect of forest canopy density on water status and photosynthesis of 14 herbaceous species in temperate forest. EGU General Assembly Abstracts. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12769

Wambugu, P., Nyamongo, D., & Kirwa, E. (2023). Role of seed banks in supporting ecosystem and biodiversity conservation and restoration. Diversity, 15(8), 896. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15080896

Wulandari, S. (2020). Arboretum as carbon stock and carbon dioxide uptake to support the realization of green campus at Riau University. International Journal of Ecophysiology, 2(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.32734/ijoep.v2i1.3983

Wysocki, C. (2019). Funkcjonowanie szaty roślinnej w warunkach miejskich = The functioning of plant cover in urban conditions. Przegląd Geograficzny, 91(3), 421–434. https://doi.org/10.7163/przg.2019.3.7

Xie, J., Zhou, S., Chung, L. C. H., & Chan, T. O. (2024). Evaluating land-surface warming and cooling environments across urban–rural local climate zone gradients in subtropical megacities. Building and Environment, 251, 111232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111232

Xue, W., Bezemer, T. M., & Berendse, F. (2019). Soil heterogeneity and plant species diversity in experimental grassland communities: Contrasting effects of soil nutrients and pH at different spatial scales. Plant and Soil, 442(1–2), 497–509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04208-5

Zhang, H., & He, T. (2024). Risiko pemadatan tanah atas berdasarkan respons struktur tanah yang berbeda terhadap tekanan pemadatan. Agronomy, 15(1), 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15010078

Zhou, T., Liang, G., Reich, P. B., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Wang, C., & Zhou, Z. (2024). Promoting effect of plant diversity on soil microbial functionality is amplified over time. One Earth, 7(12), 2139–2148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.10.004

Ziter, C.D., Pedersen, E.J., Kucharik, C.J., Turner, M.G., 2019. Scale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat during summer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116 (15), 7575–7580. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817561116