Retraction & Correction

Retaction Policy

The journal follows the COPE Retraction Guidelines when handling articles that may require retraction. Retraction may be considered when there is clear evidence that the findings, data, or conclusions of a published article are unreliable or seriously flawed, including major errors, data or image irregularities, research or publication misconduct, unethical research, duplicate or redundant publication, compromised peer review, unauthorised use of material or data, or other issues that undermine the reliability of the published record. Retraction decisions are made by the Editor based on the available evidence. Where the evidence is insufficient to justify retraction, the journal may consider an Expression of Concern or a correction, as appropriate.

A retraction notice will be objective, factual, and clearly linked to the original article. It will identify the article and authors, state the reason and basis for retraction, and clearly indicate the article's retracted status. The retracted article will remain part of the published record where appropriate and will be clearly marked as RETRACTED to maintain transparency. Retraction notices will be published promptly and will be limited to established facts, without speculation, inflammatory language, personal attacks, or unproven allegations.

Errata et Corrigenda

The journal publishes Errata et Corrigenda to correct errors identified in published articles that do not invalidate the main findings or conclusions of the work. An Erratum refers to an error introduced during the publication process, while a Corrigendum refers to an error originating from the authors. Corrections will clearly identify the affected article and the changes made, and will be linked to the original publication to maintain the accuracy and integrity of the published record.