Comparative analysis of pollen morphology at three flowering stages of Trimezia martinicensis (Jacq.) Herb. (Iridaceae),  an invasive species in Indonesia

Alda Wydia Prihartini Azar; Isnaeni Nur Ardianti; Hasna Dyah Kusumardani; Sri Lestari; Riska Desi Aryani

doi:10.21009/bioma.v21i2.55503

Authors

Alda Wydia Prihartini Azar Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Isnaeni Nur Ardianti Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Hasna Dyah Kusumardani Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Sri Lestari Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Riska Desi Aryani Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21009/bioma.v21i2.55503

Keywords:

Anthesis, aperture, flower bud, IAS, ornamentation, reproduction

Abstract

Pollen morphology provides critical insights into plant reproduction, taxonomy, and evolutionary relationships. This study investigates pollen development in Trimezia martinicensis (Iridaceae), an invasive alien species in Indonesia, across three flowering stages: closed bud, developed bud, and mature flower. Vegetative and floral traits were documented alongside stage-specific palynological analyses. Pollen grains were examined under light microscopy to assess changes in orientation, shape, aperture, and exine architecture. Results revealed distinct morphological transitions, including spheroidal grains with monocolpate apertures at early stages, progressing to more rounded forms with refined wall structures in mature flowers. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of pollen morphology during anthesis and underscore its relevance for reproductive biology, taxonomy, and management of IAS in Indonesia.

References

Abbas, M. & Sukarsa. (2022). Type and Size of Pollen Collected by Tetragonula laeviceps at Various Altitudes. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 23(3), 1567-1575. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230347.

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P., & Strong, M. T. (2005). Monocotyledons and gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Taxon, 52, 7–415. https://doi.org/10.2307/25065559.

Agashe, S. N., & Caulton, E. (2019). Pollen and Spores. Boca Raton : CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429063985.

Albert, B., Matamoro-Vidal, A., Prieu, C., Nadot, S., Till-Bottraud, I., Ressayre, A., & Gouyon, P.-H. (2022). A Review of the Developmental Processes and Selective Pressures Shaping Aperture Pattern in Angiosperms. Plants, 11(3), 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030357.

Ariizumi, T. & Toriyama, K. (2011). Genetic regulation of sporopollenin synthesis and pollen exine development. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 62, 437–460. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112312.

Bahadur, S., Taj, S., Long, W., & Ahmad, M. (2022). Pollen morphology and its implication in the taxonomy of some selected tribes of the Asteraceae of Hainan Island, South China. Bot. Rev. 88, 271–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-022-09277-3

BPS-Statistics Indonesia Jawa Tengah Province. (2022). Average Temperature, Humidity, Atmospheric Pressure, Wind Velocity, Precipitation, Duration of Sunshine by Monitoring Station in Jawa Tengah Province, 2021 - Statistical Data - Retrieved January 8, 2026, from https://jateng.bps.go.id/en/statistics-table/1/MjQ5MCMx/average-temperature--humidity--atmospheric-pressure--wind-velocity--precipitation--duration-of-sunshine-by-monitoring-station-in-jawa-tengah-province--2021.html.

Haas, K. T., Wightman, R., Peaucelle, A. & Hofte, H. (2021). The Role of Pectin Phase Separation in Plant Cell Wall Assembly and Growth. The Cell Surface, 7(1), pp.1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100054.

Hafidh, S., Fíla, J., & Honys, D. (2016). Male gametophyte development and function in angiosperms: a general concept. In Plant Reproduction, 29(1–2), 31–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-015-0272-4.

Halbritter, H., Ulrich, S., Grímsson, F., Weber, M., Zetter, R., Hesse, M., Buchner, R., Svojtka, M., & Frosch-Radivo, A. (2018). Illustrated Pollen Terminology Second Edition. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71365-6.

Hesse M., Halbritter, H., Zetter, R., Weber, M., Buchner, R., Frosch-Radivo, A., & Ulrich, S. (2009). Pollen Terminology: An Illustrated Handbook. Springer Wien, New York.

Kant, R. (2019). Development of pollinium and associated changes in anther of Calanthe tricarinata Lindl., an epidendroid orchid. Taiwania, 64(3), 269–279. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2019.64.269.

Lovo, J., Winkworth, R. C., Gil, A. D. S. B., Amaral, M. D. C. E., Bittrich, V., & Renato, M. S. (2018). A revised genus-level taxonomy for Trimezieae (Iridaceae) based on expanded molecular and morphological analyses. Taxon, 67(3), 503–520. https://doi.org/10.12705/673.4.

Lovo, J., Alcantara, S., Vasconcelos, T. N. C., Sajo, M. das G., Rudall, P. J., Prenner, G., Aguiar, A. J. C., & Mello-Silva, R. (2021). Evolutionary lability in floral ontogeny affects pollination biology in Trimezieae. American Journal of Botany, 108(5), 828–843. https://doi.org/10.1002/AJB2.1655.

Moraes Carlesso, R., Cappellari, Y. L. R., Boeff, D. D., da Costa Pereira, A., Schmitt Rusch, E., de Souza Claudino, T., Ritter, M. R., & Konrath, E. L. (2025). Nephroprotective Plant Species Used in Brazilian Traditional Medicine for Renal Diseases: Ethnomedical, Pharmacological, and Chemical Insights. Plants, 14(5), 648. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050648.

Nofitasari, T. A., Maharani, R., Nafisah, K., Prasastri, R., & Kusumarini, N. (2025). A Botanical Inventory of Tropical Flowering Plants in Curug Lawe Waterfall, Semarang, Central Java. BIO-EDU: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi, 10(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.32938/JBE.V10I1.8099.

Rahmawati, & Rosleine, D. (2023). Spatial distribution of invasive plants in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Biotropia, 30(2), 171–182. https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1780.

Setyawati, T., Narulita, S., Bahri, I. P., & Raharjo, G. T. (2015). A guide book to invasive plant species in Indonesia (T. Partomihardjo, S. Tjitrosoedirdjo, & Sunaryo, Eds.). Research, Development and Innovation Agency, Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Retrieved from https://ksdae.kehutanan.go.id/assets/publikasi/A_Guide_Book_of_Invasive_Plant_Species_in_Indonesia.pdf.

Shi, J., Cui, M., Yang, L., Kim, Y. J., & Zhang, D. (2015). Genetic and Biochemical Mechanisms of Pollen Wall Development. Trends in plant science, 20(11), 741–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.07.010.

Song, Y., Tang, Y., Liu, L., Xu, Y., & Wang, T. (2022). The methyl-CpG-binding domain family member PEM1 is essential for Ubisch body formation and pollen exine development in rice. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology, 111(5), 1283–1295. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15887.

Suratman, Suranto, Muzzazinah, & Purnomo. (2022). Pollen morphological echaracters variation among species of Strobilanthes s.l. from Sumatra, Indonesia, and its taxonomic implications. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 23(9), 4636–4648. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230930.

Taia, W. (2022). Pollen grain diversity and application in taxonomy and evolution. Taeckholmia. 42(1), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.21608/taec.2022.258213.

Taia, W. K., Hamdy, R. S., & El-Maged, A. M. A. (2023). Morphological diversity of pollen grains within the flowering stages of Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 16(1), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2023.16.1.0320.