Melampaui Hambatan: Kajian Sistematik Hambatan dan Strategi Adaptif Implementasi Pendidikan Inklusif di Sekolah Negeri Indonesia

Abstract

Inclusive education is an important commitment in realizing equitable access to education in Indonesia. However, various studies show that its implementation in public schools still faces complex challenges. This study aims to systematically analyze obstacles and adaptive strategies in the implementation of inclusive education in Indonesian public schools during the period 2020–2025. The method used is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with a descriptive-narrative approach. Data was obtained through article search using the Google Scholar-based Publish or Perish (PoP) tool. The initial search yielded about 200 articles, then purposively filtered based on title suitability, focus on the context of public schools, and availability of full-text access. Through the selection process, 30 articles were obtained which were used as the main source of analysis. The entire article was analyzed through in-depth reading to identify key issues, followed by a narrative synthesis process to find common patterns of barriers and implementation strategies reported in various studies. The results of the study show that the main obstacles include limited human resources, lack of teacher competence and availability of GPK, limited infrastructure, weak school management, and cultural resistance. On the other hand, the adaptive strategies that emerge include the implementation of co-teaching, the preparation of IEPs, learning differentiation training, collaboration with universities and the community, and the integration of inclusion programs in school planning. This study offers the concept of Adaptive Inclusion Management (AIM) as a school-based management approach that emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and empowerment of local resources.