Tren dan Tantangan Pemerataan Guru pada Daerah 3T di Indonesia: Narrative Literature Review 2015–2025

Abstract

The equitable distribution of teachers in frontier, outermost, and disadvantaged (3T) regions remains a major issue in national education development. Inequalities in teacher distribution and quality continue to widen the gap in educational outcomes between urban and remote areas. Various affirmative policies such as SM-3T and Guru Garis Depan (GGD) have been implemented, yet their effectiveness in improving teacher retention and professionalism in 3T regions remains limited. This study maps trends and challenges in teacher distribution in Indonesia during the 2015–2025 period through a narrative literature review that analysed 15 scientific articles. Thematic content analysis identifies four main issues: teacher distribution and quality, structural and geographical factors, welfare and motivation, and policy innovation and educational digitalisation. The findings indicate a policy shift from affirmative approaches toward institutional restructuring and digital transformation. Achieving teacher equity requires a systemic, data-driven approach supported by improved welfare and technology, including the strengthening of the National Teacher Equity System (SPGN) to ensure more equitable and inclusive education.